1822

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Year 1822 (MDCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar.

Events

January–March

Destruction of Ottoman flagship at Chios by Nikiphoros Lytras

• February 6 – Chinese junk Tek Sing sinks in the South China Sea with the loss of around 1600 people on board.
• February 9 – The invading Haitian forces led by Jean-Pierre Boyer arrive in Santo Domingo, to overthrow the newly founded Republic.
• March 31 – Greek War of Independence: Start of Chios Massacre, during which 20,000 Greeks on the island of Chios are slaughtered by Ottoman troops and 23,000 exiled.^[1]

April–June

• May 24 – Battle of Pichincha: Simón Bolívar secures the independence of Quito.
• May 26 – 116 people die in the Grue Church fire, the biggest fire disaster in Norway's history.
• June 6 – Alexis St. Martin accidentally shot in the stomach, which leads the way to William Beaumont's studies on digestion.

July–September

• July 3 – Charles Babbage publishes a proposal for a "difference engine", a forerunner of the modern computer for calculating logarithms and trigonometric functions. Construction of an operational version will proceed under British Government sponsorship 1823–32 but it will never be completed.^[2]
• July 8 – The Chippewas turn over a huge tract of land in Ontario to the United Kingdom.
• July 13 – Greek War of Independence: Greeks defeat Ottoman forces at Thermopylae.
• July 26 – Guayaquil Conference: José de San Martín arrives in Guayaquil, Ecuador, to meet with Simón Bolívar.
• July 27 – Guayaquil Conference: Simón Bolívar and General]José de San Martín meet in Guayaquil, which Bolívar later annexes.

June 14: Babbage's difference engine.

• July 31 – The last public whipping is carried out in Edinburgh.
• August 12 – St David's College (now the University of Wales, Lampeter) is founded in Wales by Thomas Burgess, Bishop of St David's.
• August 15–29 – Visit of King George IV to Scotland.^[3]
• August 22 – The English ship Orion lands at Yerba Buena, now named San Francisco, under the command of William A. Richardson.
• September 7 – Brazilian independence: Brazil declares its independence from Portugal.
• September 8–13 – Battle of Nauplia: In a series of naval engagements the Ottoman Fleet fails to break through the Greek Fleet under Admiral Andreas Vokos Miaoulis
• September 16
  • George Canning is appointed British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.
  • Constituent Congress of Peru begins its first session.
• September 22 – Portugal approves its first Constitution.

October–December

• October 12 – Pedro I of Brazil is declared the constitutional Emperor of Brazil.
• October 31 – Emperor Agustín de Iturbide of the First Mexican Empire dissolves the country's Congress of the Union and replaces it with a military junta.
• October–December – Congress of Verona: Russia, Austria and Prussia approve French intervention in Spain.
• November 9 – Action of 9 November 1822: USS Alligator (1820) engages three pirate schooners off Cuba as part of the West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States.
• November 13
  • Greek War of Independence: Nafplio falls to the Greek rebels.
  • Congregation of St. Basil founded in France.
• December 1 – Pedro I is crowned as first Emperor of Brazil.

Date unknown

Jean-François Champollion

• Hieroglyphs are deciphered by Thomas Young and Jean-François Champollion, using the Rosetta Stone.
• Galileo Galilei's Dialogue is taken off the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, the Roman Catholic Church's list of banned books.
• Ashley's Hundred leave from St. Louis, setting off a major increase in fur trade.
• An earthquake in Chile raises the coastal area.
• Coffee is no longer banned in Sweden.
• History of Liberia: The first group of freed slaves from the United States arrive in modern-day Liberia and found Monrovia.

Births

January–June

• January 2 – Rudolf Clausius, German physicist (d. 1888)
• January 6 – Heinrich Schliemann, German archaeologist (d. 1890)
• January 9 – Carol Benesch, Silesian and Romanian architect (d. 1896)
• January 25 – Charles Reed Bishop, preeminent businessman and philanthropist in Hawaii (d. 1915)
• January 28 – Alexander Mackenzie, 2nd Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1892)
• February 4 – Edward Fitzgerald Beale, American Navy Lieutenant and explorer (d. 1893)
• February 16 – Sir Francis Galton, English explorer and biologist (d. 1911)
• March 4 – Jules Antoine Lissajous, French mathematician (d. 1880)
• April 3 – Edward Everett Hale, American writer (d. 1909)
• April 26 – Frederick Law Olmsted, American landscape architect (d. 1903)
• April 27 – Ulysses S. Grant, 18th President of the United States (d. 1885)
• May 20 – Frédéric Passy, French economist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1912)
• May 26 – Edmond de Goncourt, French writer (d. 1896)
• May 11 – Henry Baker Tristram, English clergyman, and ornithologist. (d. 1906)
• June 10 – John Jacob Astor III, American businessman (d. 1890)

July–December

• July 18 – Princess Augusta of Cambridge (d. 1916)
• July 20 – Gregor Mendel, Czech geneticist (d. 1884)
• July 21 – Alexander H. Jones, Congressional Representative from North Carolina. (d. 1901)
• July 25 – Andrew Bryson, American admiral (d. 1892)
• October 4 – Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States (d. 1893)
• October 6 – Benjamin F. Isherwood, American admiral and United States Navy Engineer-in-Chief (d. 1915)
• December 10 – César Franck, Belgian composer and organist (d. 1890)
• December 24 – Matthew Arnold, English poet (d. 1888)
• December 27 – Louis Pasteur, French microbiologist and chemist (d. 1895)

Deaths

January–June

• January 10 – Bathilde d'Orléans, French princess (b. 1750)
• January 24 – Ali Pasha, ruler of European Turkey (b. 1741)
• February 10 – Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen (b. 1738)
• February 24 – Thomas Coutts, banker (b. 1735)
• February 27 – Sir John Borlase Warren, 1st Baronet, admiral (b. 1753)
• April 14 – Edmund Butcher, minister (b. 1757)
• April 20 – Allegra Byron, illegitimate daughter of Lord Byron (b. 1817)
• May 27 – Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (b. 1772)
• June 25 – E. T. A. Hoffmann, German Romantic author (b. 1776)

July–December

• July 8 – Percy Bysshe Shelley, English poet (b. 1792)
• August 4 – Kristjan Jaak Peterson, Estonian poet (b. 1801)
• August 12 – Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh, British foreign secretary (suicide) (b. 1769)
• August 25 – William Herschel, German-born astronomer (b. 1738)
• October 26 – Mahmud Dramali Pasha, Ottoman vizier (b. c. 1780)
• October 31 – Jared Ingersoll, U.S. presidential candidate (b. 1749)

References