1481 Rhodes earthquake

1481 Rhodes earthquake
Date 3 May 1481
Magnitude 7.1
Epicenter 36°00′N 28°00′E / 36.0°N 28.0°ECoordinates: 36°00′N 28°00′E / 36.0°N 28.0°E
Areas affected Greece, Rhodes
Casualties 30,000

The 1481 Rhodes earthquake occurred at 3:00 in the morning on 3 May. It triggered a small tsunami, which caused local flooding. There were an estimated 30,000 casualties. It was the largest of a series of earthquakes that affected Rhodes, starting on 15 March 1481, continuing until January 1482.

Tectonic setting

The island of Rhodes lies on part of the boundary between the Aegean Sea and African plates. The tectonic setting is complex, with a Neogene history that includes periods of thrusting, extension and strike slip. Currently the island is undergoing a counter-clockwise rotation (17° ±5° in the last 800,000 years) associated with the south Aegean sinistral strike-slip fault system.[1] The island had also been tilted to the northwest during the Pleistocene, an uplift attributed to a reverse fault lying just to the east of Rhodes.

Damage

Sources refer to destruction in Rhodes Town; the Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes was sufficiently damaged to require immediate rebuilding (Rhodes was at the time under siege by the Turks).[2] The damage caused by the earthquakes led to a wave of rebuilding after 1481.[3] Damage from the tsunami was said to be greater than from the earthquake. The tsunami caused a large ship to break free from its moorings. It (or another ship) later sank with loss of all its crew after running onto a reef.[4]

Characteristics

Tsunami

The tsunami appears to have been relatively minor, estimated at a maximum 1.8 m. However, it was observed on the Levantine coasts and a tsunami sediment layer found at Dalaman, on the southwest coast of Turkey, has been dated at 1473 ±46, consistent with this event.[5]

Earthquake

There was a major foreshock on 15 March of that year. Following the mainshock on 3 May, earthquakes (presumably aftershocks) continued until January 1482, with large aftershocks on 5 May, 12 May, 3 October and 18 December. The estimated magnitude for the mainshock is 7.1 on the surface wave magnitude scale.[4]

References

  1. ↑ van Hinsbergen, D.J.J.; Krijgsman W., Langeris C.G., Cornée J-J., Duermeijer C.E., van Vugt N. (2007). "Discrete Plio-Pleistocene phases of tilting and counterclockwise rotation in the southeastern Aegean arc (Rhodos, Greece): early Pliocene formation of the south Aegean left-lateral strike-slip system". Journal of the Geological Society 164 (6): 1133–1144. doi:10.1144/0016-76492006-061. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  2. ↑ Bradbury, J. The Routledge companion to medieval warfare. Routledge Companions to History Series. Routledge. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-415-22126-9.
  3. ↑ Luttrell, A.; Borchardt, K.; Jaspert, N.; Nicholson, H.J. (2007). The Hospitallers, the Mediterranean and Europe: festschrift for Anthony Luttrell. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-7546-6275-4. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 NGDC. "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  5. ↑ Papadopoulos, G.A.; Daskalaki E., Fokaefs A. & Giraleas N. (2007). "Tsunami hazards in the Eastern Mediterranean: strong earthquakes and tsunamis in the East Hellenic Arc and Trench system" (PDF). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 7: 57–64. doi:10.5194/nhess-7-57-2007. Retrieved 24 July 2010.