13th century

Map of Eurasia circa 1200 A.D.

As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 through 1300 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Common Era. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages, and after its conquests in Asia the Mongol Empire stretched from Eastern Asia to Eastern Europe.

Events

The Mongols, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, overran most of Asia, thus creating the second largest empire to ever exist, surpassed only by the British Empire. They achieved this success in large part due to their amazing horse archers.

1200s

• 1204—Fourth Crusade of 1202–1204 captures Zara for Venice and sacks Byzantine Constantinople, creating the Latin Empire.
• 1204—Fall of Normandy from Angevin hands to the French King, Philip Augustus, end of Norman domination of France.
• 1205—The Battle of Adrianople occurred on April 14, 1205 between Bulgarians under Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria, and Crusaders under Baldwin I, (July 1172 – 1205), the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople.
• 1206—Genghis Khan is declared Great Khan of the Mongols.

1210s

• 1212—The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in Iberia marks the beginning of a rapid Christian reconquest of the southern half of the Iberian peninsula, mainly from 1230–1248, with the defeat of Moorish forces.
• 1213—France defeats the Spanish Kingdom of Aragon at the Battle of Muret.
• 1214—France defeats English and Imperial German forces at the Battle of Bouvines.
• 1215—King John signs Magna Carta at Runnymede.
• 1217–1221—Fifth Crusade captures Egyptian Ayyubid port city of Damietta; ultimately the Crusaders withdraw.

1220s

• 1221—Venice signs a trade treaty with the Mongol Empire.
• 1222—Andrew II of Hungary signs the Golden Bull which affirms the privileges of Hungarian nobility.
• 1233—Battle of Ganter, Ken Arok defeated Kertajaya, the last king of Kediri, thus established Singhasari kingdom^[1] Ken Arok ended the reign of Isyana Dynasty and started his own Rajasa dynasty.
• 1223-The Signoria, of the Republic of Venice is formed and consists of the Doge, the Minor Council and the three leaders of the Quarantia.
• 1223—The Mongol Empire defeats various Russian principalities at the Battle of the Kalka River.
• 1227 - Estonians are finally subjugated to German crusader rule during the Livonian Crusade.
• 1228-1229—Sixth Crusade under the excommunicated Frederick II Hohenstaufen, who returns Jerusalem to the Crusader States.
• 1228-1230- First clash between Gregory IX and Frederick II.
• 1226-1250- Dispute between the so-called second Lombard League and Frederick II.

1230s

• 1232—The Mongols besiege Kaifeng, the capital of the Jin Dynasty, capturing it in the following year.
• 1239–1250—Third conflict between Holy Roman Empire–Papacy.
• 1237–1240—Mongol Empire conquers Russia.
• 1238—Sukhothai was the first capital of Sukhothai Kingdom.

1240s

• 1241—Mongol Empire defeats Hungary at the Battle of Mohi and defeats Poland at the Battle of Legnica. Hungary and Poland ravaged.
• 1242—Russians defeat the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Lake Peipus.
• 1243–1250—Second Holy Roman Empire–Papacy War.
• 1244—Ayyubids and Khwarezmians defeat the Crusaders and their Arab allies at the Battle of La Forbie.
• 1249—End of the Portuguese Reconquista against the Moors, when King Afonso III of Portugal reconquers the Algarve.
• 1248–1254—Seventh Crusade captures Egyptian Ayyubid port city of Damietta, Crusaders ultimately withdraw. Mamelukes overthrow Ayyubid Dynasty.

1250s

• 1257—Baab Mashur Malamo established The Kingdom of Ternate in Maluku.
• 1258—Baghdad captured and destroyed by the Mongols, effective conclusion of the Caliphate
• 1259—Treaty of Paris.

1260s

• 1260—Toluid Civil War begins between Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke for the title of Great Khan.
• 1261—Byzantines under Michael VIII retake Constantinople from the Crusaders and Venice.
• 1262—Iceland was brought under Norwegian rule, with the Old Covenant
• 1265-Dominican friar and theologian, Thomas Aquinas begins to write his Summa Theologiae.
• 1268—Fall of the Crusader State of Antioch to the Mamelukes.

Portrait of the Chinese Zen Buddhist Wuzhun Shifan, painted in 1238, Song Dynasty.

Hommage of Edward I (kneeling), to the Philippe le Bel (seated). As Duke of Aquitaine, Edward was a vassal to the French king.

1270s

• 1271—Edward I of England and Charles of Anjou arrive in Acre, starting the Ninth Crusade against Baibars.
• 1272-1274—Second Council of Lyon attempts to unite the Churches of the Eastern Roman Empire with the Church of Rome.
• 1275—King Kertanegara of Singhasari launched Pamalayu expedition against Melayu Kingdom in Sumatra. (to 1292)
• 1279—The Song Dynasty ends after losing the Battle of Yamen to the Mongols.

1280s

• 1282—Aragon acquires Sicily, after the Sicilian Vespers.
• 1284—Peterhouse, Cambridge founded by Hugo de Balsham, the Bishop of Ely.
• 1284—King Kertanegara launched Pabali expedition to Bali, which integrated Bali into the Singhasari territory.
• 1285—Second Mongol raid against Hungary, led by Nogai Khan.
• 1289—The County of Tripoli falls to the Bahri Mamluks led by Qalawun.
• 1289—Kertanegara insult the envoy of Kublai Khan that demand Java to pay the tribute to Yuan Dynasty.^[2][3]

1290s

• 1291—The Swiss Confederation of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden forms.
• 1291—Mamluk Sultan of Egypt al-Ashraf Khalil captures Acre, thus ending the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (the final Christian state remaining from the Crusades).
• 1292—Jayakatwang, duke of Kediri, rebelled and killed Kertanegara, ended the Singhasari kingdom.
• 1292—Marco Polo, on his voyage from China to Persia visited Sumatra and reported that on the northern part of Sumatra there were six trading ports including Ferlec, Samudera and Lambri.^[4]
• 1293—Mongol invasion of Java,^[5] Kublai Khan of Yuan dynasty China, sent punitive attack against Kertanegara of Singhasari. The Mongol forces were repelled.
• 1293—10 November-The coronation of Nararya Sangramawijaya as the monarch of Majapahit kingdom, marked the foundation of Hindu Majapahit kingdom in eastern Java.
• 1297-Membership in the Mazor Consegio or the Great Council of Venice of the Venetian Republic is sealed and limited in the future to only those families whose names have been inscribed therein.
• 1300-Islam is thought to have become established in the Aceh region.
• 1300-Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti founded Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara|Sultanate of Kutai in the Tepian Batu or Kutai Lama.

Significant people

Frescoes from the 13th century Boyana Church

Queen Tamar

• Albertus Magnus, German philosopher and theologian
• Alexander of Hales, Franciscan friar and theologian
• Alexander Nevsky, Grand Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir
• Alexios III Angelos, Byzantine Emperor
• Andrea of Grosseto, Italian writer
• Anthony of Padua, Portuguese Franciscan friar, bishop
• Baibars, Mameluk sultan of Egypt
• Batu Khan, Mongol ruler and the founder of the Golden Horde
• Béla IV of Hungary rebuilder of Hungary after the devastating Mongol invasion
• Birger Jarl, Swedish statesman, earl, and founder of Stockholm
• Bonaventure, Franciscan theologian, bishop, and cardinal
• Cimabue, Florentine painter
• Dante Alighieri, Florentine writer and poet
• Dominic Guzman, Spanish Catholic friar and founder of the Order of Preachers
• Edward I of England, English King
• Elisabeth of Hungary, Hungarian princess of the Kingdom of Hungary
• Enrico Dandolo, Doge of the Republic of Venice
• Francis of Assisi, Umbrian founder of the Franciscan order
• Frederick II, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
• Genghis Khan, founder of Mongol Empire
• Gertrude the Great, German Catholic nun and spiritual writer
• Giotto di Bondone, Italian painter
• Gregory X, Pope
• Haakon Haakonsson, king of Norway from 1217 to 1263. After the long civil war Norway would again prosper under his rule and come to dominate Scandinavian politics.
• Ibn Taymiyyah, famous Hanbali, Salafi Scholar of Islam
• Innocent III, Pope
• Ivan Asen II, Emperor of Bulgaria
• Kaloyan, Emperor of Bulgaria
• Kublai Khan, Khan ruler, founder of Yuan Dynasty in China
• Lasha Giorgi, King Giorgi IV of Georgia
• Lembitu, Estonian ruler
• Louis IX of France, St. Louis, French king and crusader
• Madhvacharya, Indian philosopher who was the chief proponent of the Dvaita school of Vaishnavism and Tattvavada "the philosophy of reality"
• Marco Polo, Venetian trader and explorer
• Mevlana, philosopher and poet
• Petrus Peregrinus, scientist
• Ottokar II of Bohemia, King of Bohemia
• Ramon Llull, Majorcan philosopher
• Robert Grosseteste, English statesman, theologian, and scientist
• Roger Bacon, Franciscan friar, philosopher, and scientist
• Rusudan, Queen Regnant of Georgia
• Sundiata Keita semi-historical founder of the Mali Empire
• Saadi Persian poet
• Snorri Sturluson, historian and saga-writer
• Sri Indraditya, credited as founder of first historical Siamese dynasty
• Tamara, ruler of Georgia
• Thomas Aquinas, Neapolitan Catholic friar and theologian
• William Marshal, knight and statesman.
• William Wallace, Scottish national leader
• Yunus Emre, Turkish poet and Sufi mystic

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

• List of 13th century inventions
• Early 13th century - Xia Gui paints Twelve Views from a Thatched Hut. Southern Song dynasty. It is now kept at The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri.
• The motet form originates out of the Ars antiqua tradition of Western European music.
• Manuscript culture develops out of this time period in cities in Europe, which denotes a shift from monasteries to cities for books.
• Pecia system of copying books develops in Italian university-towns and was taken up by the University of Paris in the middle of the century.
• Wooden movable type printing invented by the Chinese governmental minister Wang Zhen in 1298.
• The earliest known rockets, landmines, and handguns are made by the Chinese for use in warfare.
• The Chinese adopt the windmill from the Islamic world.
• Guan ware vase is made. Southern Song dynasty. It is now kept at Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art, London.
• 1280s Eyeglasses invented in Italy.
• Late 13th century - "Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace" is made. Kamakura period. It is now kept at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
• Late 13th century - Descent of the Amida Trinity, raigo triptych, is made. Kamakura period. It is now kept at The Art Institute of Chicago.

Decades and years

See also

• Christianity in the 13th century

References

External links

• The Thirteenth: Greatest of Centuries by James J. Walsh, 1907