1281
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 12th century – 13th century – 14th century |
| Decades: | 1250s 1260s 1270s – 1280s – 1290s 1300s 1310s |
| Years: | 1278 1279 1280 – 1281 – 1282 1283 1284 |
| 1281 by topic | |
| Politics | |
| State leaders – Sovereign states | |
| Birth and death categories | |
| Births – Deaths | |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories | |
| Establishments – Disestablishments | |
| Art and literature | |
| 1281 in poetry | |
| Gregorian calendar | 1281 MCCLXXXI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2034 |
| Armenian calendar | 730 ԹՎ ՉԼ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6031 |
| Bengali calendar | 688 |
| Berber calendar | 2231 |
| English Regnal year | 9 Edw. 1 – 10 Edw. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1825 |
| Burmese calendar | 643 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6789–6790 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚辰年 (Metal Dragon) 3977 or 3917 — to — 辛巳年 (Metal Snake) 3978 or 3918 |
| Coptic calendar | 997–998 |
| Discordian calendar | 2447 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1273–1274 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5041–5042 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1337–1338 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1203–1204 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4382–4383 |
| Holocene calendar | 11281 |
| Igbo calendar | 281–282 |
| Iranian calendar | 659–660 |
| Islamic calendar | 679–680 |
| Japanese calendar | Kōan 4 (弘安４年) |
| Julian calendar | 1281 MCCLXXXI |
| Korean calendar | 3614 |
| Minguo calendar | 631 before ROC 民前631年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1823–1824 |
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Year 1281 (MCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Asia
- August 12 – Battle of Kōan (Hakata Bay): The second Mongol invasion of Japan is foiled, as a large typhoon – famously called a kamikaze, or divine wind – destroys much of the combined Chinese and Korean fleet and forces, numbering over 140,000 men and 4,000 ships.
- Kublai Khan orders the burning of sacred Taoist texts, resulting in the reduction in number of volumes of the Daozang (Taoist Canon) from 4,565 to 1,120.
- The Mon kingdom of Haripunchai falls as its capital Lamphun (in present-day Thailand) is captured by King Mangrai's Lannathai kingdom.
Middle East
- October 29 – Second Battle of Homs: Mamluk sultan Qalawun defeats an invasion of Syria by Mongol Ilkhan Abaqa Khan.
- Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire, becomes bey of the Sögüt tribe in central Anatolia; in 1299 he will declare independence from the Seljuk Turks, marking the birth of the Ottoman Empire.
- An offensive by the Byzantine Empire significantly reduces the size of the Kingdom of Albania, as it recaptures land seized from the Despotate of Epirus by Charles I of Sicily 10 years earlier.
Europe
- Pope Martin IV authorizes a Crusade against the newly re-established Byzantine Empire in Constantinople; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following year.
- July – Niccolò Bonsignori heads a hundred of Ghibelline exiles in a failed attempt to topple the Sienese government.
By topic
Markets
- Guy of Dampierre, count of Flanders, licenses the first Lombards merchants to open a changing business in his realm.[1]
Religion
- Pope Martin IV succeeds Pope Nicholas III as the 189th pope.
Births
- Castruccio Castracani, duke of Lucca (d. 1328)
- Yuri III Danilovich, Grand Prince of Russia (d. 1325)
- Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster (d. 1345)
- Hamdallah Mustawfi, Ilkhanid Iranian historian (d. 1349)
- Rudolf I of Bohemia (d. 1307)
Deaths
- February 16 – Gertrude of Hohenburg, queen consort of Germany (b. c.1225)
- September 10 – John II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal (b. 1237)
- October 8 – Princess Constance of Greater Poland (b. c.1245)
- December 24 – Henry V, Count of Luxembourg (b. 1216)
- date unknown – Ertuğrul, father of Osman I (b. 1198)
References
- ↑ Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review 15 (3): 506–562.