1275

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Year 1275 (MCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Africa

• The troops of the Marinid dynasty take the city of Algiers, at that time independent.^[1]

Asia

• March – The 200,000 multiethnic troops of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, headed by the Turkish commander Bayan, face a Chinese Song dynasty army of 130,000 led by the Song Chancellor Jia Sidao. The result is a decisive victory for the Yuan dynasty, and soon after the much-vilified Jia Sidao is stripped of rank and title, and killed by one of his own guards as he is sent to exile in Fujian by the Song court.
• March 4 – Chinese astronomers observe a total eclipse of the Sun in China.
• The invading forces of the Yuan dynasty capture the Song dynasty city of Suzhou.
• Marco Polo purportedly visits Xanadu, Kublai Khan's summer capital of the Yuan dynasty.
• The city of Kunming is made capital of the Yunnan province of the Mongol Yuan dynasty.
• Nestorian monk Rabban Bar Sauma begins his pilgrimage from China towards Jerusalem.
• The Japanese era Bun'ei ends, and the Kenji era begins.

Europe

• April 22 – The first Statute of Westminster is passed by the English Parliament, establishing a series of laws in its 51 clauses, including equal treatment of rich and poor, free and fair elections, and definition of bailable and non-bailable offenses.
• June 14 – Valdemar, King of Sweden is defeated by his brother Magnus in the Battle of Hova, after which Magnus deposes him.
• July 22 – Magnus is elected new king of Sweden.
• October 8 – Battle of Ronaldsway: Scottish forces defeat the Manx of the Isle of Man in a decisive battle, firmly establishing Scottish rule of the island.
• October 27 – Floris V, Count of Holland, gives the city of Amsterdam independence of taxes.
• Eleanor de Montfort is captured by pirates in the employ of Edward I of England to prevent her marriage to Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Wales; she is used as a bargaining chip over the coming years in Edward's attempts to subjugate Llywelyn and Wales.
• The Mongol Golden Horde raids Lithuania for the third time.
• Around Ciney, in present day Wallonia, start of the War of the Cow (end in 1278).
• The first main survey of the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow-up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086, is finished; it began in 1274.

By topic

Arts

• Jean de Meun completes the French allegorical work of fiction, Roman de la Rose, with a second section; the first section was written by Guillaume de Lorris in 1230.

Markets

• In Ghent, first recorded instance of emission of life annuities by a town in the Low Countries, this event confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt in north-western Europe initiated in 1218 by Reims.^[2]

Technology

• The verge escapement, a simple type of escapement used in clocks, is invented (exact year unknown).

Religion

• Ramon Llull establishes a school in Majorca to teach Arabic to preachers in an attempt to aid proselytizing to Moors. He also discovers diethyl ether.
• The era of the tosafot (medieval commentators on the Talmud) ends (began 1100).

Births

• John II, Duke of Brabant (d. 1312)
• Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere (d. 1322)
• Dnyaneshwar, Indian Hindu Marathi saint, philosopher and poet (d. 1296)
• Mondino de Liuzzi, Italian physician and anatomist (d. 1326)
• Giovanni d'Andrea, Italian jurist
• approximate year of birth: -
  • William of Alnwick, Franciscan theologian (d. 1333)
  • Walter V, Count of Brienne, Duke of Athens (d. 1311)
  • Gediminas, Duke of Lithuania (d. 1341)
  • Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1313)
  • John de Menteith, Scottish nobleman (d. 1323)
  • Giovanni Villani, Florentine writer (d. 1348)

Deaths

• April 13 – Eleanor of England (b. 1215)
• August 15 – Lorenzo Tiepolo, Doge of Venice
• September 24 – Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford, Constable of England (b. 1208)
• September – Ferdinand de la Cerda, Crown Prince of Castile
• date unknown
  • Bohemond VI of Antioch (b. 1237)
  • Geoffrey of Briel, Baron of Karytaina

References