.onion

.onion
Introduced 2004
TLD type Pseudo-domain-style host suffix
Status Not in root, but used by Tor clients, servers, and proxies
Registry Tor
Intended use To designate a hidden service reachable via Tor
Actual use Used by Tor users for services in which both the provider and the user are anonymous and difficult to trace
Registration restrictions Addresses are "registered" automatically by Tor client when a hidden service is set up
Structure Names are opaque strings generated from public keys
Documents Tor design document
Dispute policies N/A
Website www.torproject.org

.onion is a pseudo-top-level domain host suffix (similar in concept to such endings as .bitnet and .uucp used in earlier times) designating an anonymous hidden service reachable via the Tor network. Such addresses are not actual DNS names, and the .onion TLD is not in the Internet DNS root, but with the appropriate proxy software installed, Internet programs such as Web browsers can access sites with .onion addresses by sending the request through the network of Tor servers. The purpose of using such a system is to make both the information provider and the person accessing the information more difficult to trace, whether by one another, by an intermediate network host, or by an outsider.

Format

Addresses in the .onion pseudo-TLD are generally opaque, non-mnemonic, 16-character alpha-semi-numeric hashes which are automatically generated based on a public key when a hidden service is configured. These 16-character hashes can be made up of any letter of the alphabet, and decimal digits beginning with 2 and ending with 7, thus representing an 80-bit number in base32. It is possible to set up a human-readable .onion URL (e.g. starting with an organization name) by generating massive numbers of key pairs (a computational process that can be parallelized) until a sufficiently desirable URL is found.[1][2]

The "onion" name refers to onion routing, the technique used by Tor to achieve a degree of anonymity.

WWW to .onion gateways

Proxies into the Tor network like Tor2web allow access to hidden services from non-Tor browsers and for search engines that are not Tor-aware. By using a gateway, users give up their own anonymity and trust the gateway to deliver the correct content. Both the gateway and the hidden service can fingerprint the browser, and access user IP address data. Some Proxies use caching techniques to provide a better page-loading[3] than the official Tor Browser.[4] To use a gateway, replace the domain suffix .onion of any hidden service with, for example, .tor2web.org.[5]

.exit

.exit is a pseudo-top-level domain used by Tor users to indicate on the fly to the Tor software the preferred exit node that should be used while connecting to a service such as a web server, without having to edit the configuration file for Tor (torrc)

The syntax used with this domain is hostname + .exitnode + .exit, so that a user wanting to connect to http://www.torproject.org/ through node tor26 would have to enter the URL http://www.torproject.org.tor26.exit.

Example uses for this include accessing a site available only to addresses of a certain country or checking if a certain node is working.

Users can also type exitnode.exit alone to access the IP address of exitnode.

The .exit notation is disabled by default as of version 0.2.2.1-alpha.[6]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Scallion". GitHub. Retrieved 2014-11-02.
  2. ↑ Muffett, Alec (2014-10-31). "Re: Facebook brute forcing hidden services". tor-talk (Mailing list) (Simple End-User Linux). Retrieved 2014-11-02.
  3. ↑ "Onion.cab: Advantages of this TOR2WEB-Proxy". Retrieved 2014-05-21.
  4. ↑ "Tor Browser Bundle". Retrieved 2014-05-21.
  5. ↑ "tor2web.org: visit anonymous websites". Retrieved 2009-09-16.
  6. ↑ "Special Hostnames in Tor". Retrieved 2012-06-30.

External links