Zvornik massacre

Zvornik massacres
Zvornik municipality on the map of Bosnia
Location	Zvornik, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Date	April-July 1992
Target	Bosniak, Romani[1] and other non-Serb civilians
Attack type	Mass killing and ethnic cleansing
Deaths	700[2] to 900[3]
Perpetrators	Serb paramilitary groups

The Zvornik massacre refers to acts of mass murder and violence committed against the Bosniak and non-Serb civilian population of the town of Zvornik by Serb paramilitary groups^[4][5][6] ( "Arkanovci", Territorial Defence units, White Eagles, Yellow Wasps^[3]) at the beginning of the Bosnian War in 1992. Estimates show that 40,000 Bosniaks were expelled from the Zvornik district.^[7] It was the second city in Bosnia and Herzegovina that was forcefully taken over by Serb forces during the Bosnian War.^[8]

Background

According to the 1991 census data, the district of Zvornik had a population of 81,111: 48,208 (59.4%) of which were Bosniaks and 30,839 (38%) were ethnic Serbs. A total of 14,600 people lived in the city of Zvornik, 8,942 (61.0%) of them were Bosniaks, 4,281 (29.2%) of the Serbian nationality, 74 (0.5%) of Croatian nationality, and 1,363 (9.3 per cent) were defined as "others".^[6]

Being a border town situated at the Bosnian-Serb Drina river, Zvornik has a strategically important position. It is significant because Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia are linked at that point not only through a road bridge between the Zvornik urban area and the Karakaj industrial zone, and another one in Zvornik itself, but also via a railroad bridge between Karakaj and the town of Čelopek. It represents an important link along the Belgrade-Sarajevo line, as well as within the Belgrade-Tuzla line.^[6]

Officially, there was no garrison of the former JNA in the Zvornik district. The Zvornik region itself was controlled by the 17th Corps Tuzla. Up to the fall of 1991, the 17th Corps consisted of 3 brigades and one partisan brigade, and was part of the First Military District of Belgrade. After the re-organization of the JNA in the spring of 1992, it formally fell under the command of the Second Military District of Sarajevo, but most likely continued to be led by the First Military District of Belgrade.^[6]

By the turn of the year 1991/1992, preliminary tank units (apparently from the abandoned Jastrebarsko garrison in Croatia) were stationed near Zvornik. By February or March 1992 (at the time of the referendum on independence), additional units of the former JNA-tank units and artillery and anti-aircraft positions were stationed in the Zvornik region. Initially, the tanks still carried the JNA emblems. It was only later that they were replaced by the Serbian flag and the coat-of-arms emblem. But, the troops themselves, officers and soldiers, had Serbian badges (showing a Serbian flag on the front part of the beret and on the upper arm).

On the Serbian side of the Drina river bank, various tank positions could be identified as well. Additional forces, including artillery, anti-aircraft weaponry, and tanks were being positioned there.^[6]

Attack on Zvornik

Build-up

The Army of the Republika Srpska (VRS) soldiers of Headquarters 503rd Brigade, display two 122mm D-30 howitzers at a weapons storage site located in Zvornik, Bosnia-Herzegovina, during an inspection

The attack on Zvornik started on 8 April 1992, just a few days after the first Serb violent take over of a Bosnian town, Bijeljina

According to witness accounts, former JNA troops from the following garrisons were involved during the attack:^[6]

Tuzla garrison: some of the tanks used in Zvornik were part of the units which were transferred from Jastrebarsko, Croatia to Tuzla.

Bijeljina garrison: The infantry divisions of the former JNA were reserve units of the mobilization base, Bijeljina.

The planes and helicopters which participated in the aggression are also reported to have come from Tuzla. Prior to the attack, units from Novi Sad, Šabac, Sremska Mitrovica and Valjevo (Serbia) were partly stationed along the Serbian side of the Drina river bank, and partly on the Bosnian side. They further participated in the attack on Zvornik, operating from Serbian territory. One unit from Šabac purportedly was housed in the «Dom Kulture» in Mali Zvornik. It was further claimed that there was a «small barracks» also in Radalj north of Mali Zvornik. There were indications that a «special unit» from Niš might have been involved in the attack on Zvornik and later on Kulagrad.^[6]

They were equipped with machine-guns M 52, M 65, M 66, M 70A, M 70B, M 72; hand grenade launchers Zolja; kalashnikovs; knives, MIG 21 and MIG 29, Jastreb with machine-guns and gunners, Gallop, «Eagles» (aerial photographs); helicopters MT 6 or MT 8 and others.^[6]

Regarding the infantry units, they were not only composed of the «regular members» of the former JNA and of mobilized reserve forces, but also of «volunteers». Several of the individuals interviewed said that they had noted that prior to the attack, (i.e., in March 1992), and throughout the attack, the soldiers—and, some claimed, officers as well—no longer wore the badges of the former JNA. Instead, they had Serbian badges and cockades. However, at that time, the vehicles and machinery still had the old Yugoslav identity symbols. Moreover, many soldiers wearing «old JNA uniforms», used a «white band» on the upper arm as additional identifying marks. This identification only made sense if somebody wanted to distinguish himself from the uniformly dressed soldiers.^[6]

The attack

The military attack on Zvornik occurred on 8 April 1992. Later, there were sporadic military operations with units of the former JNA cooperating with paramilitary units. These operations mainly focused on the medieval fortress of Kulagrad, situated to the south-west of Zvornik, where some dozen resistance fighters were holding out. However, on 26 April, this fortress was conquered in a concerted attack by former JNA troops, with air support, and by paramilitary units. Immediately after the fall of Kulagrad, the town of Divić, situated south of Zvornik, was attacked. Divić was almost exclusively populated by Bosniaks and was situated at the hydro-electric power plant.^[6]

The attack on the town was conducted both from the Serbian side and from Bosnian territory, using tank forces, artillery, and infantry units with portable mortars. JNA units and paramilitary units cooperated. Arkanovci operated in front-line positions, taking the city. Their core troops left the city after the successful attack to prepare a raid on the next city, Bratunac.^[6]

The attack began on the morning of 8 April, with mortar fire on the Bukovik and Meterize city districts, as well as on the Bosniak-held defence positions on the Debelo Brdo hill. It came from the artillery positions in Karakaj, from the Bosnian side before Meterize, and from the Serbian side of the River Drina (Mali Zvornik). First shots were fired in the Meterize suburb. This attack was mainly carried out by the heavy equipment of the JNA (artillery and tanks). There are also reports of Arkanovci snipers firing from Mali Zvornik on the opposite river bank, and of snipers aiming at residents from positions on highrise buildings in Zvornik itself. The Bosniak position on Debelo Brdo, however, fell on that same day and was occupied.^[6]

During the night there was heavy shelling of the town. The capture of the city did not begin until the following day, 9 April. In the morning, there were again negotiations with Arkan, which ended in an ultimatum for the surrender of weapons and the town by 8:00 a.m. At 8:00 a.m. artillery fire started again, followed by the capture of the town by the infantry. The Arkanovci assumed a leading role in the take-over of the city, proceeding from the north via the Bukovik and Meterize city districts heading for the city centre. In addition, infantry units of the JNA in cooperation with «Serb volunteers» (Seseljovci, Beli Orlovi, «TO») also took part in the seizure of the city. They approached the city primarily from the west, in a «second wave». It was reported that on the very first day, as well as during the subsequent weeks, there were random executions, rapes, and massacres. In these, the units of the Seseljovci, Beli Orlovi and the so-called «territorial defence» were also involved. On 10 and 11 April, Zvornik was captured. The Kulagrad fortress north of Zvornik and the town of Divić bordering Zvornik to the South had not yet been occupied.^[6]

On 9 April, artillery attacks on Kulagrad started as the attacking units were expecting major Bosniak resistance forces. Even before the attack, Serbian media reported that "several thousand Bosniak extremists" were hiding in Kulagrad. In fact, there were probably no more than a few dozen armed Bosniaks under the command of a former JNA officer who spontaneously organized a resistance movement with light equipment (small arms).^[6]

From 11 April onward, there were almost daily attempts by small combat groups from various paramilitary units to capture the fortress. These attempts failed, however, despite the fact that Kulagrad was constantly under fire from mortars, anti- aircraft guns and tanks. The reason for this failure might be due to the apparent lack of coordination of the attacks, as well as deficiencies in the training of the infantry units involved. These settlements were captured by May.^[6]

Aftermath

COL Pandurevic, Commander 1st Zvornik Brigade, Republic of Serbia Army, shows LTC Anthony Harriman, Squadron Commander, 3rd Squadron, 4th Cavalry Regiment, 2nd Brigade, 1st Armored Division, Baumholder, Germany, a ZIS-3 Towed Anti-tank Gun during an inspection of a Serbian cantonment area on 28 February 1996 during Operation Joint Endeavor

Around 10 or 11 April, the «ordinance on the introduction of the general work requirement», along with an extension of the deadline, was broadcast by Radio Zvornik. But this appeal was not followed, as there were still numerous paramilitary troops in town who were looting and terrorizing the locals. Therefore, the appeal was broadcast once more a few days later (approximately 15 or 16 April). The overall response to these appeals was however rather poor. The experiences of those who did follow the appeal to return to the workplace showed that the true purpose of this appeal, and of others that followed, was to monitor the male Bosniak inhabitants.^[6]

Immediately after the occupation of the town, a night curfew was imposed which remained in force until the «ethnic cleansing» was completed. During the day, men were allowed to move around only with a permit issued by the Serbian police at Zvornik. Many of the men who went to Karakaj (or later to the police office in Zvornik) in order to apply for a «permit» were suddenly deported into one of the camps in the industrial district of Karakaj. While at the camp, they were subjected to severe torture and murder, in particular by members of the paramilitary troops whose quarters were partly in the same buildings as those in which the prisoners were detained. Many of the men, therefore, did not dare to pick up their passes themselves, but remained in hiding in houses. However, even persons with a pass were not safe from random aggressions by the numerous paramilitary units in town. It was reported by some witnesses that immediately upon leaving the police station, they had their passes taken away or torn into pieces by members of a paramilitary group. Some of them were attacked and deported into camps.^[6]

From the onset of the occupation, Bosniaks were prohibited from working, except for persons deemed indispensable (e.g. hospital personnel, who were not released until the end of May). Everyday life was dominated by the fact that maraudering paramilitary troops, who were not controlled by any authority, terrorized the Bosniak population of Zvornik.^[6]

Expulsion and organized deportation

After the expulsion of the Bosniak population by means of terror, the next step was to prepare the total expulsion of the inhabitants with the support of administrative measures. The first step had already been the appeal to return. The registration of property that was mandatory for all inhabitants, including the Serbian population, served above all the purpose of registering the male Bosniak population. For this reason, only men were eligible for registration, which had to be completed before the «Serbian municipality» or the «Serbian militia», even if a property was originally registered under the wife's name. As a result, these registrations led to arrests and deportations to camps, apparently on the basis of pre-established lists.^[6]

An «agency for the exchange of houses» was set up, to which the Bosniak inhabitants were to transfer their houses. In return, the Bosniaks were promised houses belonging to Bosnian Serbs (e.g. in the Tuzla region) who supposedly had also assigned their homes to the agency. In order to make this «offer to exchange houses» more attractive looking, Serbian radio stations transmitted broadcasts about the successful exchange of houses by prominent Bosniak inhabitants. These exchanges were, in many cases, found out to be falsified, incorrect, or conducted under coercion.^[6]

Departure from the town was only possible on the condition that the property was renounced and transferred to the «Serbian District of Zvornik». This forced transfer of property was executed by the "Serbian District of Zvornik" in cooperation with the police and paramilitary units, especially the Draganovci. Eventually, the Bosniaks were glad to sign the deed in order to get away from the terror.

Documents that had to be shown upon leaving the town included:^[6]

• a personal ID card, in which the date of the notice of change of address was entered by the authority.
• a permit which guaranteed the holder the freedom of movement on the territory of the "Serbian District of Zvornik" and the access to the territory of the FRY.
• a stub certifying the «change of address»

Legal proceedings

Vojislav Šešelj was charged by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia for crimes after the capture of Zvornik.^[9] Biljana Plavšić was sentenced to 11^[10] and Momčilo Krajišnik to 20 years by the Tribunal, among others for their crimes in the city.^[11]

Vojin Vučković, commander of the Yellow Wasps, and his brother Duško were convicted in 1996 for killing of 17 civilians in Čelopek, a suburb of the town of Zvornik, during the ethnic cleansing of the Bosniak population of the Drina valley in 1992.^[12][13][14]

On 28 November 2005, the War Crimes Chamber in Belgrade began the trial of the "Zvornik Group" (Branko Grujić, Branko Popović, Dragan Slavković, Ivan Korać, Siniša Filipović, Dragutin Dragićević and Duško Vučković). They were accused of murdering at least 22 and forcefully deporting 1822 Bosniaks.^[15]

On 4 January 2010, Darko Janković was arrested in suspicion of killing at least 19 Bosniaks in Čelopek.^[16][17]

In June 2010, the Belgrade court brought a verdict and sentenced three people for war crimes in Zvornik. Dragan Slavković was sentenced to 12 years, Ivan Korać to 9 years and Siniša Filipović to three years in prison. The fourth suspect, Dragutin Dragičević, was freed of all charges. The three convicts were said to have tortured and killed at least 19 out of 162 illegally captured Bosniak civilians from Divič in the "Dom kulture" in Čelopek.^[18]

During the trial, witness B-24, a police officer and member of the Crisis staff in Zvornik, described how in April 1992 a person working in Zvornik under the pseudonym "Marko Pavlovic" made a phone call to JNA officers and within 24 to 48 hours, weapons and ammunition shipments would arrive for the "defense" of Zvornik.^[19] The ICTY brought the following verdict on Zvornik:^[20]

Zvornik was a municipality with a Bosniak-majority population. The Serb crisis staff mobilized the Serb members of the Territorial Defence in early April 1992. Paramilitary forces, including Arkan’s men, Šešelj’s men, Yellow Wasps, and Red Berets, began to arrive in the municipality. They had been invited by Branko Grujić, the president of the crisis staff. The police in the municipality was divided along ethnic lines. The Serb members of the Zvornik police relocated to Karakaj, where the Serb crisis staff was located. The Serb police and the paramilitary forces erected barricades throughout the municipality. Serb forces, including members of the police, the Territorial Defence, the Yugoslav People’s Army, and paramilitary groups, then launched an armed attack against Zvornik town. The Serb civilian population had left town prior to the attack. Zvornik town was taken over by the Serb forces within a day. The Serbian flag was hoisted on top of the main town mosque. Many civilians were killed during the attack, and many others fled in fear. After the attack, Arkan’s men looted the homes and piled dozens of dead bodies, including the bodies of children, women, and elderly persons, onto trucks. More dead bodies lay in the streets.

On 1 October 2010, at the trial of Mićo Stanišić and Stojan Župljanin, which are accused of committing crimes between April 1 and December 31, 1992, in 20 municipalities throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina including Zvornik, a former member of the Serbian Democratic Party (SDS) testified that senior Bosnian Serb officials were informed of the atrocities that were being committed in Zvornik.^[21]

On 22 November 2010, Branko Grujić, a municipal official, and Branko Popović, a former territorial defense commander, were sentenced to 6 and 15 years respectively for their role in the "Zvornik group" that "imprisoned, inhumanely treated and killed around 700 people" in Zvornik from May to July 1992. The verdict determined that more than 1,600 civilians were forced to leave the Zvornik area. The bodies of 352 victims have been found and identified since the war.^[2] The War Crimes Prosecutor's Office said it would appeal the verdicts, stating that the sentences were "inadequate considering the responsibility of the accused, with regard to the number of victims, the mass and brutal character of the crimes."^[22]

See also

• List of massacres in Bosnia and Herzegovina

References

External links

• Video of the prosecution of crimes in Zvornik (Bosnian)
• The Death of Yugoslavia - part 3 on Google video (includes Zvornik attack)

Coordinates: 44°23′N 19°06′E / 44.39°N 19.10°E / 44.39; 19.10 (Zvornik)