Zurayids

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The Zurayids (بنو زريع, Banū Zuraiʿ), were a Fatimid dynasty ín Yemen in the time between 1083 and 1174. The centre of its power was Aden.[1] The Zurayids suffered the same fate as the Hamdanid sultans, the Sulaymanids and the Mahdids, since their lands were taken over by the Ayyubids, and they themselves were liquidated.

Installed by the Sulayhids

About the history of the dynasty we have only insufficient information. What we know mostly derives from the twelfth-century chronicle of 'Umara, who had personal contacts with the last princes.[2] According to his account, the Sulayhid ruler Ali al-Sulayhi (d. 1066 or 1081) subdued the important port Aden which was ruled by the Banu Ma'n, in 1062. This family were also masters of Lahij, Abyan, Shihr and Hadramawt. The Banu Ma'n paid tribute until the death of Ali and then declared their independence. However, Ali's son al-Mukarram Ahmad immediately invested Aden and put an end to the rule of the family. Instead, two brothers called al-Abbas and al-Mas'ūd, sons of al-Karam, were summoned. They belonged to the Yamite division of the Jusham tribe. The brothers were placed in power in 1083 and shared the governmental affairs between them. Al-Abbas resided in Ta'kar and took care of the trade with the interior, while al-Mas'ūd resided in the castle al-Khadra and handled shipping. About 100,000 dinars were paid in tribute each year to al-Mukarram.[3]

Gaining independence

Al-Abbas died in 1084. His son Zuray, who gave the dynasty its name, proceeded to rule together with his uncle al-Mas'ūd. They took part in the Sulayhid leader al-Mufaddal's campaign against the Najahid capital Zabid and were both killed during the siege (1110).[4] Their respective sons ceased to pay tribute to the Sulayhid queen Arwa al-Sulayhi.[5] They were worsted by a Sulayhid expedition but queen Arwa agreed to reduce the tribute by half, to 50,000 dinars per year. The Zurayids again failed to pay and were once again forced to yield to the might of the Sulayhids, but this time the annual tribute from the incomes of Aden was reduced to 25,000. Later on they ceased to pay even that since Sulayhid power was on the wane.[6] After 1110 the Zurayids thus led a more than 60 years long independent rule in the city, bolstered by the international trade. The chronicles mention luxury goods such as textiles, perfume and porcelain, coming from places like North Africa, Egypt, Iraq, Oman, Kirman and China. After the demise of queen Arwa al-Sulayhi in 1138, the Fatimids in Cairo kept a representation in Aden, adding further prestige to the Zurayids.[7]

Mahdid and Ayyubid invasions

The descendants of the brothers al-Abbās und al-Mas'ūd lived in severe rivalry with each other. Due to that the constellations of power often shifted. The two lines met in open warfare in 1138. The ruler of al-Khadra Ali bin Abi'l-Gharat was defeated by his kinsman Saba bin Abi's-Su'ud of Ta'kar and fled from the Aden area; he was eventually killed in Lahij in 1150. The victor Saba's sons likewise had a falling-out. But the rivalries also motivated ambitions for expansion. The Zurayid sphere of power stretched to Hadramawt. To the north the ruler Muhammad bin Saba bought a number of important fortresses and towns from the leftovers of the Sulayhid realm in 1152. Among them were Dhū Jibla, al-Takar, Ibb and Ḥabb. Muhammad bin Saba died in 1153, and his son and successor Imran in 1166. Both were praised by their contemporary 'Umara as able and amicable rulers.[8] Imran left three small sons. Affairs were henceforth taken care of by the wazir Yāsir bin Bilāl, son of a freedman, who was characterized as brave, virtuous and generous. A new aggressive dynasty in Zabid, the Mahdids, besieged Aden from 1164. In the face of the acute threat, the Zurayids sought assistance from the Hamdanid sultan of San'a. Together the allies were able to utterly defeat the Mahdid ruler Abd an-Nabi in 1173.[9] Immediately after these events, however, an Ayyubid expedition under prince Turan Shah was dispatched against southern Arabia. When the Ayyubids conquered Aden on 22 June 1174 the rule of the Zurayids ended. Yāsir bin Bilāl, who still attended the affairs of the state, fled the city but was betrayed and turned over to Turan Shah who executed him in 1175.[10]

During the first two decades of Ayyubid overlordship Zurayid influence surfaced here and there, until it, too, was eventually suppressed in about 1193.

List of rulers

The al-Khadra line

  • Mas'ud bin al-Karam (1083-1110)
  • Abu'l-Gharaf (1110-?), son
  • Muhammad (?-?), son
  • Ali (?-1138), brother

The Ta'kar line

  • al-Abbas bin al-Karam (1083-1084)
  • Zuray (1084-1110), son
  • Abu's-Su'ud I (1110-?), son
  • Saba (?-1138), son
  • Ali al-A'azz (1138-1139), son
  • Muhammad I (1139-1153), brother
  • Imran (1153-1166), son
  • Muhammad II (1166-1174), son
  • Abu's-Su'ud II (1166-1174), brother

See also

References

  1. ↑ G. Rex Smith "Politische Geschichte des islamischen Jemen bis zur ersten türkischen Invasion", p. 140
  2. ↑ The Book of chronicles by the illustrious qadi 'Umara the Yemenite, written by Najm ad-Din 'Umara al-Hakami (d. 1174), is translated in H.C. Kay, Yaman: Its early medieval history, London 1892, pp. 1-137.
  3. ↑ H.C. Kay, Yaman: Its early medieval history, London 1892, pp. 65, 308.
  4. ↑ The chronology of the Zurayid rulers is uncertain for the most part; dates furnished by Ayman Fu'ad Sayyid, Masadir ta'rikh al-Yaman fial 'asr al-islami, al Qahira 1974, are partly at odds with those given by H.C. Kay, Yaman: Its early Medieval history, London 1892; one source seems to indicate that they were independent as early as 1087.
  5. ↑ H.C. Kay, Yaman: Its early medieval history, London 1892, pp. 66-7.
  6. ↑ El-Khazreji, The pearl-strings, Vol. 1, Leyden & London 1906, p. 19.
  7. ↑ Robert W. Stookey, Yemen: The politics of the Yemen Arab Republic, Boulder 1978, p. 96.
  8. ↑ H.C. Kay, Yaman: Its early medieval history, London 1892, pp. 78-9.
  9. ↑ Encyclopaedia of Islam, Brill Online 2013, http://www.encquran.brill.nl/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/mahdids-COM_0620?s.num=0
  10. ↑ G. Rex Smith "Politische Geschichte des islamischen Jemen bis zur ersten türkischen Invasion", p. 140.

Literature

  • H.C. Kay, Yaman: Its early medieval history, London 1892, http://archive.org/stream/yamanitsearlymed00umar#page/n5/mode/2up
  • G. Rex Smith: "Politische Geschichte des islamischen Jemen bis zur ersten türkischen Invasion". In: Werner Daum: Jemen. Umschau-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1987, ISBN 3-7016-2251-5, pp. 136–154.
  • G. Rex Smith, The Ayyubids and early Rasulids in the Yemen, Vols. I-II, London: Gibb Memorial Trust 1974-1978.
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