Z4 (computer)

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Z4 on display at the Deutsches Museum, Munich

The Z4 was the world's first commercial digital computer, designed by German engineer Konrad Zuse and built by his company Zuse Apparatebau between 1942 and 1945.[1] The Z4 was Zuse's final target for the Z3 design, and like it, was an electromechanical machine.[2]

Construction

The Z4 was very similar to the Z3 in its design but was significantly enhanced in a number of respects. The memory consisted of 32-bit rather than 22-bit floating point words. A special unit called the Planfertigungsteil (program construction unit), which punched the program tapes made programming and correcting programs for the machine much easier by the use of symbolic operations and memory cells. Numbers were entered and output as decimal floating point even though the internal working was in binary. The machine had a large repertoire of instructions including square root, MAX, MIN and sign. Conditional tests included tests for infinity. When delivered to ETH Zurich the machine had a conditional branch facility added and could print on a Mercedes typewriter. There were two program tapes where the second could be used to hold a subroutine (originally six were planned).[3]

In 1944 Zuse was working on the Z4 with around two dozen people, including several women.[4] Some engineers who worked at the telecommunications facility of the OKW also worked for Zuse as a secondary occupation. To prevent it from falling into the hands of the Soviets, the Z4 was evacuated from Berlin in February 1945 and transported to Göttingen.[5][6] The Z4 was completed in Göttingen in a facility of the Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt (AVA, Aerodynamic Research Institute), which was headed by Albert Betz. But when it was presented to scientists of the AVA the roar of the approaching front could already be heard,[7] so the computer was transported with a truck of the Wehrmacht to Hinterstein in Bad Hindelang, where Konrad Zuse met Wernher von Braun.[7][8]

Usage after WWII

In 1949 the Swiss mathematician Eduard Stiefel, after coming back from a stay in the USA where he inspected American computers, visited Zuse and the Z4. When he formulated a differential equation for Zuse, who immediately programmed the Z4 to solve it, Stiefel decided to acquire the computer for his institution in Switzerland, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich).[9]

It was delivered to ETH Zurich in September 1950. In 1954, the Z4 was transferred to the Institut Franco-Allemand des Recherches de St. Louis (Franco-German Institute of Research) in France, where it was in use until 1959. Today, the Z4 is on display in the Deutsches Museum in Munich.

The Z4 inspired the ETH to build its own computer (mainly by A. Speiser and E. Stiefel), which was called ERMETH, an acronym for German: Elektronische Rechenmaschine ETH ("Electronic Computing Machine ETH").

“ At least Zürich has an interesting nightlife with the rattling of the Z4, even if it is only modest. ”

—Konrad Zuse

In 1950/1951 the Z4 was the only working digital computer in continental Europe, and the second digital computer in the world to be sold, beating the Ferranti Mark 1 by five months and the UNIVAC I by ten months, but in turn being beaten by the BINAC (although that never worked at the customer's site[10]). Other computers, all numbered with a leading Z, were built by Zuse and his company. Notable are the Z11, which was sold to the optics industry and to universities, and the Z22, the first computer with a memory based on magnetic storage.

The Z4 was used for calculations for work on the Grande Dixence Dam.

Specifications

  • Frequency: (about) 40 hertz
  • Average calculation speed: 400 ms for an addition, 3 seconds for a multiplication. Approximately 1000 floating point arithmetic operations on average an hour.
  • Programming: holes in 35mm film stock, punched on a programming machine
  • Input: Decimal floating point numbers, punch tape
  • Output: Decimal floating point numbers, punch tape or Mercedes typewriter
  • Word length: 32 bits floating point
  • Elements: (about) 2,500 relays, 21 step-wise relays
  • Memory: Mechanical memory as for the Z1 (64 words, 32 bit)
  • Power consumption: (about) 4 kW

See also

References

  1. ↑ Zuse, Horst. "The Life and Work of Konrad Zuse Part 6: The Z4 Computer and the Zuse Apparatebau in Berlin (1940-1945)". Retrieved 2010-05-15 
  2. ↑ Rojas, Raúl (Spring 2006). "The Zuse Computers". RESURRECTION the Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society = 37. ISSN 0958-7403. Retrieved 2008-07-26 
  3. ↑ Speiser, Ambros P (2002). "Konrad Zuse's Z4: Architecture, Programming and Modifications at ETH Zurich". In Rojas, Rául; Hashagen, Ulf. The first Computers: History and Architectures. MIT. pp. 263–276. ISBN 0-262-18197-5. 
  4. ↑ Bauer, Friedrich L., Historische Notizen zur Informatik. Springer, Berlin 2009, ISBN 3-540-85789-3, Page 198
  5. ↑ Bauer, Friedrich L., Historische Notizen zur Informatik. Springer, Berlin 2009, ISBN 3-540-85789-3
  6. ↑ Talk given by Horst Zuse to the Computer Conservation Society at the Science Museum (London) on 18 November 2010
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Schillo, Dr. Michael. "Lecture on Zuse and his machines". Retrieved 2010-06-21 
  8. ↑ Campbell-Kelly, Martin (21 December 1995). "Obituary: Konrad Zuse". The Independent (newspaper). Retrieved 4 February 2011. 
  9. ↑ Lippe, Prof. Dr. Wolfram. "Kapitel 14 - Die ersten programmierbaren Rechner (i.e. The first programmable computers)". Retrieved 2010-06-21 
  10. ↑ "Description of the BINAC". citing Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 10 #1 1988. Retrieved 2008-07-26. 

External links

Computers designed by Konrad Zuse
  • Z1 (1936)
  • Z2 (1939)
  • Z3 (1941)
  • Z4 (1945)
  • Z5 (1953)
  • Z11 (1955-61)
  • Z22 (1955)
  • Z23 (1961)
  • Z25 (1963)
  • Z31 (1963)
  • Z64 (1961)
  • S1 (1942)
  • S2
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