Young temperament

	Young's first temperament Tonic major chord in Young's first temperament
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"Young temperament" may refer to either of a pair of well temperaments described by Thomas Young in a letter dated July 9, 1799, to the Royal Society of London. The letter was read at the Society's meeting of January 16, 1800, and included in its Philosophical Transactions for that year.^[1] The temperaments are referred to individually as "Young's first temperament" and "Young's second temperament",^[2] more briefly as "Young's No. 1" and "Young's No. 2",^[3] or with some other variations of these expressions.

Young argued that there were good reasons for choosing a temperament to make "the harmony most perfect in those keys which are the most frequently used", and presented his first temperament as a way of achieving this. He gave his second temperament as a method of "very simply" producing "nearly the same effect".

First temperament

In his first temperament, Young chose to make the major third C-E wider than just by ¹⁄₄ of a syntonic comma (about 5 cents,  Play (help·info)), and the major third F♯-A♯ (B♭) wider than just by a full syntonic comma (about 22 cents,  Play (help·info)). He achieved the first by making each of the fifths C-G, G-D, D-A and A-E narrower than just by ³⁄₁₆ of a syntonic comma, and the second by making each of the fifths F♯-C♯, C♯-G♯, G♯-D♯ (E♭) and E♭-B♭ perfectly just.^[4] The remaining fifths, E-B, B-F♯, B♭-F and F-C were all made the same size, chosen so that the circle of fifths would close—that is, so that the total span of all twelve fifths would be exactly seven octaves. The resulting fifths are narrower than just by about ¹⁄₁₂ of a syntonic comma, or 1.8 cents,^[5] and differ from an equal temperament fifth by only about one-eighth of a cent. The exact and approximate numerical sizes of the three types of fifth, in cents, are as follows:

Each of the major thirds in the resulting scale comprises four of these fifths less two octaves. If  s_j =^Def f_j − 600 ( j = 1, 2, 3 ), the sizes of the major thirds can be conveniently expressed as in the second row of the following table:

As can be seen from the third row of the table, the widths of the tonic major thirds of successive major keys around the circle of fifths increase by about two ( s₂ − s₁ ,  s₃ − s₂ ) to four ( s₃ − s₁ ) cents per step in either direction from the narrowest, in C major, to the widest, in F♯ major.

The following table gives the pitch differences in cents between the notes of a chromatic scale tuned with Young's first temperament and those of one tuned with equal temperament, when the note A of each scale is given the same pitch.

Second temperament

In Young's second temperament, each of the fifths F♯-C♯, C♯-G♯, G♯-E♭, E♭-B♭, B♭-F, and F-C are perfectly just, while the fifths C-G, G-D, D-A, A-E, E-B, and B-F♯ are each ¹⁄₆ of a Pythagorean (ditonic) comma narrower than just.^[6] The exact and approximate numerical size of these latter fifths, in cents, is given by:

If  f₃  and  s₃  are the same as in the previous section, and  s₄  =^Def f₄ − 600 , the sizes of the major thirds in the temperament are as given in the second row of the following table:

The following table gives the pitch differences in cents between the notes of a chromatic scale tuned with Young's second temperament and those of one tuned with equal temperament, when the note A of each scale is given the same pitch.

This temperament is very similar to one devised by Francesco Vallotti, which is named after him. Vallotti's temperament also has six consecutive pure fifths and six tempered by ¹⁄₆ of a Pythagorean comma. The sequence of tempered fifths, however, starts from the note F, rather than from C, as they do in Young's second temperament.^[7]

Notes

References

• Barbour, J. Murray (2004) [1951], Tuning and Temperament: A Historical Survey, Minneola, NY: Dover Publications, ISBN 0-486-43406-0 
• Donahue, Thomas (2005), A Guide to Musical Temperament, Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, ISBN 0-8108-5438-4 
• Jorgensen, Owen. (1991) Tuning: containing the perfection of eighteenth-century temperament, the lost art of nineteenth-century temperament, and the science of equal-temperament, complete with instructions for aural and electronic tuning. Michigan State University Press.
• Young, Thomas (1800), "Outlines of Experiments and Inquiries respecting Sound and Light in a Letter to Edward Whitaker Gray, M.D. Sec. R.S.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (London) 90: 106–150 
• Young, Thomas (1802), "Outlines of Experiments and Inquiries respecting Sound and Light", in Nicholson, William, Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts (London) 5: 72-78, 81-91, 121-130, 167 
• Young, Thomas (1807), A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts 2, London: Joseph Johnson 

v t e Musical tunings Measurement Pitch Cent Millioctave Savart Interval Interval ratio Pitch class Consonance and dissonance List of musical intervals (by name or by ratio) List of intervals in 5-limit just intonation List of meantone intervals Microtone Just intonation Euler–Fokker genus Harmonic Scale Harry Partch's 43-tone scale Hexany Limit 5-limit 7-limit Numerary nexus Otonality Ptolemy's intense diatonic scale Pythagorean tuning Scale of harmonics Tonality diamond Tonality flux Temperaments Equal 6-tone 12-tone 15-tone 17-tone 19-tone 22-tone 24-tone 31-tone 34-tone 41-tone 53-tone 72-tone Linear Meantone (quarter-comma, septimal) Schismatic Miracle Magic Syntonic Irregular Well temperament/Temperament ordinaire (Kirnberger, Werckmeister, Young) Traditional non-Western Chinese musicology Shí-èr-lǜ Dastgah Maqam Arabian maqam Makam Mugham Muqam Octoechos Pelog Raga (Carnatic rāga) Slendro Tetrachord Non-octave 833 cents scale A12 scale Alpha scale Beta scale Gamma scale Delta scale Lambda scale (Bohlen-Pierce)