Yogyakarta

Yogyakarta City Kota Yogyakarta
City
From top left, clockwise: Tugu Monument, Kraton Yogyakarta, Malioboro Street, Gadjah Mada University
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): Kota Pelajar (Student's City) Kota Budaya (Cultural City) or Kota Gudeg (Gudeg City)
Motto: Memayu Hayuning Bawono The home of Gadjah Mada University
Location of in Yogyakarta Special Region
Yogyakarta City Location in Indonesia
Coordinates: 7°48′5″S 110°21′52″E / 7.80139°S 110.36444°E / -7.80139; 110.36444Coordinates: 7°48′5″S 110°21′52″E / 7.80139°S 110.36444°E / -7.80139; 110.36444
Country	Indonesia
Province	Yogyakarta Special Region
Government
• Mayor	Haryadi Suyuti
Area
• City	32.5 km2 (12.5 sq mi)
• Metro	1,114.16 km2 (430.18 sq mi)
Population (2010)
• City	388,088
• Density	12,000/km2 (31,000/sq mi)
• Metro	2,389,200
• Metro density	2,100/km2 (5,600/sq mi)
Time zone	WIB (UTC+7)
Website	www.jogjakota.go.id

Yogyakarta (/ˌjɒɡjəˈkɑrtə/ or /ˌjoʊɡjəˈkɑrtə/;^[1] also Jogja, Jogjakarta) is a city and the capital of Yogyakarta Special Region in Java, Indonesia. It is renowned as a centre of classical Javanese fine art and culture such as batik, ballet, drama, music, poetry, and puppet shows. Yogyakarta was the Indonesian capital during the Indonesian National Revolution from 1945 to 1949. One of the districts in Yogyakarta, Kotagede, was the capital of the Mataram Sultanate between 1575 and 1640. The city is named after the Indian city of Ayodhya from the Ramayana epic. Yogya means 'suitable, fit, proper', and karta, 'prosperous, flourishing' (i.e., 'a city that is fit to prosper').^[2]

History

Mataram Kingdom (8th - 10th Century CE)

According to Canggal inscription dated 732, the area traditionally called as "Mataram" became the capital of Medang Kingdom, identified as Mdang i Bhumi Mataram established by King Sanjaya. Mataram became the center of a refined and sophisticated Javanese Hindu-Buddhist culture, for about three centuries its heartland in Kewu Plain (southern slope of Mount Merapi) around Prambanan witnessed the construction of numerous candi including Borobudur and Prambanan.

Around the year 929, the centre of the kingdom was shifted to East Java by Mpu Sindok, who established the Isyana Dynasty. The exact cause of the move is still uncertain; however, a severe eruption of Mount Merapi volcano or a power struggle probably caused the move. Historians suggest that, some time during the reign of King Wawa of Mataram (924—929), Merapi volcano erupted and devastated the kingdom's capital in Mataram. Although missing from the historical record since the migration of the capital of Medang kingdom in the 10th century to the eastern Java, the valley area in the south of Mount Merapi since the 15th century still inhabited and according to later account, perhaps become part of the region called "Pengging".

Majapahit Empire (1293 - 1527)

During the Majapahit era, the area surrounding modern Yogyakarta identified again as "Mataram" and recognize again as one of Majapahit 12 provinces in Java ruled by a Duke titled 'Bhre Mataram'. During the reign of Hayam Wuruk (1350 to 1389), the title of Bhre Mataram was held by king's nephew also son in-law Wikramawardhana.

Mataram Sultanate (1575 - 1620)

Kotagede (now part of districts in Yogyakarta) was established as the capital of Mataram Sultanate. The palace of the founder of Mataram Sultanate, Panembahan Senopati established in scene of part of Alas Mentaok. During the reign of Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo (1613-1645), Sultanate Mataram reach its zenith as the greatest kingdom in Java, expanded its influence to Central Java, East Java and half of West Java. After a two times move its capital, (Palace of Pleret and Place of Kerta, both located in Bantul Regency), the capital of Mataram Sultanate moved to Kartasura.

Aftermath of the Gianti Treaty (1745 - 1945)

During the reign of Pakubuwono II, a civil war broke out in Mataram Sultanate. The civil war was fought between Prince Mangkubumi and his elder brother, Sunan Pakubuwono II. The civil war started when Sunan Pakubuwono II agreed to cooperate with the VOC, ceded some of Mataram territory to the Dutch, and submitted to foreign powers. His younger brother, Prince Mangkubumi stood against the agreement due to concern that his people would become slaves under Dutch rule. Prince Mangkubumi defeated the Pakubuwono forces and declared sovereignty in the Kingdom of Yogjakarta occupying southern parts of the former Mataram Sultanate.

The Yogyakarta Sultanate was established as a result of the Treaty of Giyanti (Perjanjian Gianti) by Prince Mangkubumi, who later ascended the throne as Sultan Hamengkubuwono I. Officially, the creation of Yogyakarta Sultanate is dated at 7 October 1756 as a result of civil war among the princes of The Mataram Sultanate. This civil war marked the end of the Mataram Sultanate and resulted in the birth of the Yogyakarta Sultanate and the Surakarta Sunanate.

However, in later years both of the heir of Mataram, the Yogyakarta Sultanate and the Surakarta Sunanate confined their power and were reduced as Dutch East Indies protectorate kingdoms under the crown of the Kingdom of Netherlands, identified as Vorstenlanden Mataram.

Republic of Indonesia era (1945 - present)

In 1942 the Japanese Empire invaded Dutch East Indies and ruled Java until they were defeated in 1945. Sukarno proclaimed the independence of the Indonesian Republic on August 1945. Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX promptly send a letter to Sukarno, expressing his support for the newly born nation of Indonesia and acknowledging Yogyakarta Sultanate as part of the Indonesian Republic. The Sunanate of Surakarta did the same, and both of the Javanese kingdoms were awarded special status as 'Special Region' within the Indonesian Republic. However because of a leftist anti-royalist uprising in Surakarta, the Sunanate of Surakarta lost its special administrative status in 1946 and was absorbed into Central Java Province.

Yogyakarta's support was essential in the Indonesian struggle for independence, during the Indonesian National Revolution (1945-1949). The city of Yogyakarta became the capital of the Indonesian Republic from 1946 to 1948, after the fall of Jakarta to the Dutch. Later the Dutch also invaded Yogyakarta, causing the Republic's capital to be transferred once again, to Bukittinggi in West Sumatra on 19 December 1948. Because of its significant contribution to the survival of the Indonesian Republic, Yogyakarta was given the status of Special Administrative Region, making Yogyakarta the only region headed by a monarchy in Indonesia.

Geography

The area of the city of Yogyakarta is 32.5 square kilometres (12.5 square miles). While the city spreads in all directions from the kraton (the Sultan's palace), the core of the modern city is to the north, centring around Dutch colonial-era buildings and the commercial district. Jalan Malioboro, with rows of pavement vendors and nearby market and malls, is the primary shopping street for tourists in the city, while Jalan Solo, further north, is a shopping district more frequented by locals. At the southern end of Malioboro, on the east side is the large local market of Beringharjo, not far from Fort Vredeburg a restored Dutch fort.

At Yogyakarta's centre is the kraton, or Sultan's palace. Surrounding the kraton is a densely populated residential neighbourhood that occupies land that was formerly the Sultan's sole domain. Evidence of this former use remains in the form of old walls and the ruined Taman Sari, built in 1758 as a pleasure garden. No longer used by the sultan, the garden had been largely abandoned. For a time, it was used for housing by palace employees and descendants. Reconstruction efforts began in 2004, and an effort to renew the neighbourhood around the kraton has begun. The site is a developing tourist attraction. ^{[citation needed]}

Nearby to the city of Yogyakarta is Mount Merapi. The northern outskirts of the city run up to the southern slopes of the mountain in Sleman Regency (Indonesian language–Kabupaten). Gunung Merapi (literally Mountain of Fire in Indonesian/Javanese), is an active Stratavolcano located on the border between Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548. The volcano last erupted in November 2010.

Climate

Yogyakarta features a tropical monsoon climate. The city features a lengthy wet season running from October until June and a short dry season that only covers the months of July, August and September. The city averages roughly 2,200 mm (87 in) of precipitation annually. Yogyakarta experiences particularly heavy rainfall from November through April. Temperatures remain relatively constant throughout the course of the year, with average high temperatures at around 30 degrees Celsius and average lows at around 22 degrees Celsius.

Climate data for Yogyakarta
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	29 (84)	29 (84)	29 (85)	31 (87)	30 (86)	30 (86)	29 (85)	30 (86)	31 (87)	31 (88)	30 (86)	29 (85)	30 (86)
Average low °C (°F)	22 (72)	22 (72)	22 (72)	22 (72)	22 (72)	21 (70)	21 (69)	21 (69)	22 (71)	22 (72)	22 (72)	22 (72)	22 (71)
Precipitation mm (inches)	350 (13.78)	330 (12.99)	310 (12.2)	210 (8.27)	120 (4.72)	80 (3.15)	40 (1.57)	20 (0.79)	30 (1.18)	90 (3.54)	220 (8.66)	340 (13.39)	2,180 (85.83)
Source: http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=35869&refer=&units=metric

Administration

Yogyakarta Special Region is actually a special district on the provincial level, of which Greater Yogyakarta is located within. The regencies of Bantul and Sleman have population densities far higher than the surrounding countryside (over 1,500 per square kilometer) and effectively are bedroom communities of Yogyakarta. Within Greater Yogyakarta lies the municipality of Yogyakarta, called Kota Yogyakarta.

Yogyakarta City is divided into 14 districts (kecamatan).

1. Gondokusuman
2. Jetis
3. Tegalrejo
4. Umbulharjo
5. Kotagede
6. Mergangsan
7. Ngampilan
8. Danurejan
9. Kraton
10. Wirobrajan
11. Pakualaman
12. Mantrijeron
13. Gedongtengen
14. Gondomanan

Economy

In 2011, Yogyakarta's Gross Domestic Regional Product (GDRP) is IDR 12.960 trillions with per capita income is around IDR 33.185 millions.

Demographics

Most of the population is Javanese, however as there large number of students, there is also significant population of non-Indonesian people. This status makes Yogyakarta as one of the most heterogeneous cities.^{[citation needed]}

Tourism

Because of its proximity to world famous Borobudur and Prambanan temples, also because having unique Javanese court Kraton culture of Kraton Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta has become the second most important tourist destination in Indonesia after Bali. Most tourists come to Yogyakarta as an accommodation base on visiting Borobudur and Prambanan and also for its strong Javanese culture and tradition. This makes it prominent among other Javanese cities, along with Surakarta or Solo, a city lying about 64 kilometres (40 miles) to the east, Yogyakarta is the centre of Javanese culture.

Culture

Some of the famous culture of Yogyakarta are:

• Batik fabric.
• Silverwork, fine filigree jewellery
• Traditional leather puppetry used for shadow plays (wayang kulit)
• Contemporary puppetry and theatre, for example Papermoon Puppet Theatre^[3]
• Gamelan music, including the local Gamelan Yogyakarta which was developed in the courts.
• Visual artists including Taring Padi community in Bantul.^{[citation needed]}

Cuisine

Museums

Yogyakarta contains several site museums in Hindu period temple such as Candi Prambanan, museums in the royal court, and museums in colonial buildings such as Museum Benteng Yogyakarta, the former Dutch Fort Vredeburg. Due to the importance of Yogyakarta during the war of independence from the Dutch, there are numerous memorials and museums such as Yogya Kembali.

To the east of the town centre is a large air force museum; as Indonesia was for a period in the Soviet sphere of influence this museum contains a number of vintage Russian aircraft not widely available for inspection in the NATO sphere of influence. The collection includes examples of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 trainer, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 and Tupolev Tu-16, together with an assortment of American and British aircraft.

Museum Pusat Dirgantara Mandala (Muspurdila) or Mandala Air and Space Museum Center has 36 aircraft in the building and six aircraft in the yard of the museum.^[4]

Education

Yogyakarta is well known as home of University of Gadjah Mada,^[5] one of Indonesia's most prominent universities. The others public university in Yogyakarta are Yogyakarta State University,^[6] Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University,^[7] Indonesia Arts Institute.^[8] This city also houses several well-known private universities such as Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta,^[9] Ahmad Dahlan University,^[10] Islamic University of Indonesia,^[11] Atma Jaya University^[12] and Sanata Dharma University.^[13]

Transportation

Airport

Yogyakarta is served by Adisucipto International Airport which connects the city with some other major cities in Indonesia, such as Jakarta, Surabaya, Denpasar, Makassar, Balikpapan, Banjarmasin, and Pontianak. It also connects the city with Singapore (operated by Indonesia AirAsia) and Kuala Lumpur (operated by AirAsia).

Rail

The city is located on one of the two major railway lines across Java between Jakarta / Bandung and Surabaya. It has two passenger railway stations, Tugu railway station which serves business and executive class trains, and Lempuyangan Station which serves economy class trains. Both stations are located in the heart of the city. Commuter train in Yogyakarta is Prambanan Ekspress, also known as Prameks, this train goes from Lempuyangan Station to Solo Balapan Station at Surakarta (Solo) (East of Yogyakarta), Kutoharjo Station at Kutoharjo (West of Yogyakarta). The other commuter train is Madiun Jaya (Madiun-Lempuyangan), and Joglosemar (Semarang-Lempuyangan).

Roads

The city has an extensive system of public city buses, and is a major destination for inter-city buses to elsewhere on Java or Bali, as well as taxis, andongs, and becaks. Motorbikes are by far the most commonly used personal transportation, but an increasing number of residents own automobiles. Yogyakarta also have a highway named Ringroad. An Overpass including Janti Overpass, and Lempuyangan Overpass.

Buses

Starting from early 2008, the city has operated a bus rapid transit system called Trans Jogja, also known as "TJ" (Indonesian), Abbervation from "T" for 'Trans', and "J" for 'Jogja'. This system is modeled after TransJakarta. But unlike Trans Jakarta, there is no particular lane for Trans Jogja buses, they run on main streets. Currently there are six lines of Trans Jogja service, with routes throughout main streets of Yogyakarta, which some overlap one another. The lines extend from Jombor bus station in the north as far as Giwangan main bus terminal in the south and Prambanan bus shelter in the east via Adisucipto International Airport. Trans Jogja has now become a new trademark of Yogyakarta and frequently used by local citizens and tourists alike.

Future transportation

In a recent forum discussion on long-term transportation plans in Yogyakarta held at Universitas Gadjah Mada, the head of the Yogyakarta region transportation master plan team, Prof Ahmad Munawar, said that in 2016 modern transport modes including monorail, aerobus, and tram will begin operating in the city and the region.^[14]

Health facilities

The notable hospitals in Yogyakarta including :

• Rumah Sakit Dr. Sardjito (State owned, the largest hospital in Yogyakarta)
• Bethesda Hospital
• Panti Rapih Hospital
• RS PKU Muhammadiyah, located on Jalan KH. Dahlan (http://www.rspkujogja.com/)

and many others

Twin towns – Sister cities

• Gangbuk-gu, South Korea
• Baalbek, Lebanon
• Huế, Vietnam
• Hefei, China
• Kyoto, Japan
• Paramaribo, Suriname
• Bonn, Germany

See also

• Yogyakarta Special Region

Notes

12. gudeg.net 13. Lintas Berita Yogyakarta

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yogyakarta.

• Yogyakarta travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Official website

v t e Regencies and cities of the Special Region of Yogyakarta Capital: Yogyakarta Regencies Bantul Gunung Kidul Kulon Progo Sleman Cities Yogyakarta See also: List of regencies and cities of Indonesia