Yir-Yoront language
| Yir-Yoront | |
|---|---|
| Yir | |
| Native to | Australia |
| Region | Cape York Peninsula, Queensland |
| Ethnicity | Yir-Yoront |
Native speakers | < 10 (2012)[1] |
|
Pama–Nyungan
| |
| Dialects |
Yirr-Thutjim (Yir-Yoront)
Yirrk-Thangalkl (Yirrk-Mel)
|
| Yir Yoront Sign Language | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |
Either: yyr – Yir Yoront yrm – Yirrk-Mel |
| AIATSIS[2] | Y72, Y214* |
Yir-Yoront was a Paman language spoken in two settlements, Kowanyama and Pormpuraaw on the southwestern part of the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland in Australia, by the Yir-Yoront people. As of 1991 only 15 speakers remained,[3] with the rest of the Yir-Yoront people speaking English or even Kuuk Thaayorre as many speakers of Yir-Yoront apparently are using Kuuk Thaayorre in daily conversation.[4] At present it is thought to be extinct.[5] There are two sister dialects, Yir-Yoront proper and Yirrk-Thangalkl, which are very close. The shared name Yir is sometimes used for both taken together.
Names
The first part of both of the name, Yir, is from the word yirrq meaning speech or language. Following is the ethnonym.[6]
Yir-Yoront is written hyphenated as a way of indicating that the syllable following the hyphen is stressed. In the standard orthography, it is correctly spelled Yirr-Yorront, with "rr" representing the consonant /r/. There is a valid alternative pronunciation with stress on the first syllable; this can be written YirrqYorront. Other spellings encountered include Yir Yoront and Jir Joront.
Other names for the language include:
- Yirr-Thuchm: Meaning "from the sandridges"
- Kok-Minychen: The name of the Yir-Yoront in the Koko-Bera language
- Koko-Minychena: Alternative spelling
- Kokomindjen: Alternative spelling
- Mandjoen: Alternative spelling
- Mind'jana: Alternative spelling
- Mundjun: Alternative spelling
- Myunduno: Alternative spelling
- Kuuk-Thaanhon: The name of the Yir-Yoront in the Kuuk Thaayorre language
- Gwandera: A name incorrectly applied to the Yir-Yoront people and their language
- Millera: No source available
Phonology
The following description is for Yir-Yoront proper. For another dialect, see Yirrk-Thangalkl dialect.
Vowels
Yir-Yoront has 6 vowels:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Unrounded | Rounded | |
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Mid | ə | ||
| Open | a |
Consonants
Yir-Yoront has 20 consonants:
| Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Velar | Postalveolar /Palatal |
Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | ||
| Nasal | m /m/ | ng /ŋ/ | ny /ɲ/ | nh /n̪/ | n /n/ | rn /ɳ / | |
| Plosive | p /p/ | k /k/ | th /t̪/ | t /t/ | rt /ʈ / | q /ʔ/ | |
| Affricate | ch /t͡ʃ/ | ||||||
| Trill | rr /r/ | ||||||
| Tap | r /ɾ/ | ||||||
| Approximant | w /w/ | y /j/ | lh /l̪/ | l /l/ | rl /ɭ / | ||
Sign
The Yir Yoront had a well-developed sign form of their language.[7]
References
Notes
- ↑ Yir Yoront reference at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
Yirrk-Mel reference at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) - ↑ Yir-Yoront at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (see the info box for additional links)
- ↑ Ethnologue
- ↑ Gaby, Alice Rose (2006). A Grammar of Kuuk Thaayorre. p. 6.
- ↑ Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. Paris, UNESCO Publishing. Online version: http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas
- ↑ Alpher, Barry (1991). Yir-Yoront Lexicon: Sketch and Dictionary of an Australian Language. p. 3.
- ↑ Kendon, A. (1988) Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
General
- Alpher, Barry (1991). Yir-Yoront lexicon: Sketch and dictionary of an Australian language. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.