Yield spread premium
A yield spread premium (YSP) is the money or rebate paid to a mortgage broker for giving a borrower a higher interest rate on a loan in exchange for lower up front costs, generally paid in Origination fees, Broker fees or Discount Points. This “may [be used to] wipe out or offset other loan costs, like Loan Level Pricing Adjustments (instituted by FNMA).”[1]
The YSP is derived through the realization of a market 'price' for a loan that is above 100%. For example, a $300,000 loan with a price when sold of 101.00% would 'yield' a 1% rebate to the originator. It is important to understand that the term 'originator' refers to either a retail bank or mortgage broker. The characteristics of a loan contribute to the price offered, such as the interest rate attached, the credit score of the borrower, purchase money versus a cash-out refinance, or a streamline refinance (which lowers the price because it is typically not accompanied by a property appraisal). Higher credit scores may add 0.25% to the price, while a lower one may cost up to 3.00% - which requires the borrower to either pay a discount fee to cover the loss to the lender when the mortgage is sold, or increasing the interest rate to absorb the risk for the mortgage security investor.
Update 11/25/2008 - Yield Spread Premiums are most commonly used by the Government Sponsored Enterprises (Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac) as well as the FHA and VA loan programs to 'steer' borrowers into specific tranches of interest rate most advantageous to the marketplace through specific cash incentives to the mortgage originator. A new phenomenon has developed since the mortgage crisis of 2008 in which more compensation is paid to the mortgage brokers for 'targeted' interest rates. For example, the Yield Spread Premium on a 30 year fixed rate of 5.50% might be 1.7%, while the YSP for 5.625% on the same loan may be 0.625%, and 5.25% might cost the borrower 1%. There is no longer necessarily a direct 'linkage' between yield spread premium and interest rate offered to the borrower when obtaining conforming loan products and government program loans.
The argument can also be made that yield spread premiums are used as an incentive to originate specific programs over others that are usually less desirable for the borrower. For example, a 30 year fixed rate mortgage generally pays a much higher yield spread premium to the broker than an adjustable rate mortgage.
In the U.S., mortgage brokers are required per the truth in lending act to disclose YSP within three days of the borrower's initial application on the Good Faith Estimate of Closing Costs, and then again as YSP as a fee "POC" (Paid Outside Closing) on page 2 of the HUD-1 Settlement Statement, inside the margin, away from the column marked "Paid from Borrower's funds at Settlement." This is a source of controversy, as similarly priced loans from banks require none of this disclosure.
YSPs as a financial instrument are controversial. What is controversial is the fact that brokers and lenders have different disclosure requirements regarding their existence.
In many local markets, the consumers may be repulsed by a 1.5% origination fee, generally regarded as the compensation an average or large sized brokerage needs to profitably operate, while in other markets that may be perfectly acceptable - depending on the level of local competition. In areas where "upfront fees" are less acceptable, the YSP tool is the only way a small business competing against the banks can operate.
Consumer groups such as the Center for Responsible Lending contend that disclosing the YSP to borrowers informs borrowers that the broker might be charging them a higher interest rate than they might otherwise qualify for.[2] They either fail to realize or they simply omit the fact that banks engage in the identical practice, however are immune to same disclosure requirements. They point out that the YSP is a fee paid to the broker, and therefore its exact amount should be made known when the borrower commits to a broker ("locks in the rate"), rather than later in the loan process. In Florida, for example, this is already the law, and Florida mortgage brokers must disclose the exact yield spread premium up front. All lender paid compensation (YSP) to the broker must (a) initially be disclosed as a maximum (or exact) dollar amount to be received by licensee at closing and (b) re-disclosed at least 3 business days prior to closing the EXACT amount of YSP to be collected by the broker at closing.
Many reputable brokers offer the borrowers a range of rates and fees. They remove themselves from the adversarial nature by ensuring their compensation is approximately equal in all steps of the range, and it is up to the consumer to decide between "pay now" or "pay later".
There are many circumstances where most or all of the compensation to a broker may be best paid through YSP. For example, if the borrower is anticipating the sale of the property within a relatively short period of time, they are most likely better off financially to conserve their cash reserves and pay little or no up front fees, while paying a higher monthly payment for say the 6 month time they own the property. The payment may be $20, $60 or $120 higher, but would save thousands in acquisition cost that cannot be recouped.
Yield Spread Premiums are not a "given" for a broker. Many more responsible and experienced brokers will intentionally price with a rebate that is either realized as an incentive for an efficient closing, or if the transaction becomes stressed, will usually lose it to lender extension fees or pay for exceptions to the loan file that would otherwise incur a denial. Furthermore, most lending agreements with brokers restrict Early Pay Off (EPO) of the mortgage loan. For example, if the borrower refinances or sells the property within the EPO time period, usually 60 to 120 days, the lender contractually can and usually will demand reimbursement of the yield spread premium paid, while the broker has no recourse toward the borrower.
There is no "set" par rate, and there is a great deal of competition in the marketplace. Many lenders will only offer products to reputable brokers, and may pay those brokers more for their client loans, which are deemed higher quality in nature. In contrast, the brokers with a more checkered past may find themselves locked out from premium wholesalers and not have access to the best interest rates, products, or prices for loans. For this reason, the YSP is not a useful tool for comparing offers for financing from several different brokers. If broker A is anticipating a yield spread premium of 2% for a rate of 6.00% on a 30 year fixed, while broker B is anticipating a 1% yield spread premium for the same rate and terms, there is nothing in the disclosure to differentiate which would be more advantageous to the buyer. If anything, it may be assumed that broker A has either a better-run business, or has access to higher quality products than broker B. All lenders investigate their prospective broker partners, and the mortgage industry uses a watchdog group known as the Mortgage Asset Recovery Institute (MARI). Brokers with significant defaults, previous fraudulent acts, or shady loan officers will find themselves quickly on the MARI list and lose access to the most competitive offerings.
Other more skilled brokerages with access and the ability to locally underwrite or significantly complete mortgage files will also earn a higher compensation level from lenders that are much more automated in nature. Many brokers that lack internal processing expertise will be limited to lenders more willing to "work with" the less-prepared applications, and thus internally retain more of the anticipated compensation for the loan, rather than offer a portion of it to the broker.
Mortgage brokers contend that this disclosure requirement puts them at a disadvantage when compared to Institutional ("Retail") Lenders, who do not have to disclose their YSP. In addition, they point out that there are truly legitimate reasons for a YSP, such as help in offsetting closing costs for borrowers who are short of cash. For those borrowers, brokers use the YSP to help pay closing costs, as outlined below. Mortgage brokers also point out that since they are required to disclose their YSP and retail lenders are not, borrowers might not save money, but simply be steered to retail lenders who would charge the same amount or more for a loan, but would appear better at first glance because they did not have to list those fees explicitly.
Neither lenders nor brokers are in business to be a consumer advocate and non-profit companies are not allowed to offer mortgages unless relying on a for-profit entity operating in the marketplace. A broker that earns a higher compensation for the same task and the same product can often be seen as managing a more efficient business enterprise while remaining competitive in the marketplace.
In either event, within the United States mortgage system, virtually all loans are sold into the securities markets, and the cost of operating a financial business is real. The political climate of the United States is such that it encourages the continuous expansion of home ownership opportunity, and the most efficient way to do that is through direct lending in the neighborhoods, person to person. In this capacity, the brokerage community exceeds beyond all others, and originates the vast majority of the home loans in the United States without predetermined minimum lending criteria or standards as in a retail banking environment. For this reason, mortgage brokers will tend to spend much more time securing or attempting to secure financing for borrowers for which there will not be any compensation in the event they do not succeed and many times will cause a loss to the business. Retail banks avoid this possibility through other forms of revenue from the same potential borrowers they turn down through the offering of other services and associated fees.
These arguments are further outlined below.
Banks versus Mortgage Brokers and YSP
Lenders that fund loans and then sell them after closing do not need to disclose the amount of the yield spread premium they make. This is a HUD rule (RESPA 1974). On the other hand, brokers are forced to disclose the amount of yield spread they get from the bank. HUD's stated rationale is that Institutional lenders sell their loans in a true "Secondary Market Transaction" sometime after the loan is closed. This means that the loan is sold at a later time and their true "Yield Spread" or additional revenue is not yet known. Although the exact amount they earn may not be known, the fact is that they are earning revenue that they do not have to disclose to the borrower.
The Federal Reserve Bank has proposed significant changes to the Home Ownerships and Equity Protection Act (HOEPA) and Regulation Z, regarding yield spread premium disclosure, on December 12, 2007. The related part of the proposal will require a mortgage brokerage to negotiate a dollar-specific fee, in writing, for their services or waive the right to receive yield spread premium from a lender. This will allow a consumer to "shop" mortgage brokers on "price" and specifically guarantee that compensation harvesting is eliminated by mortgage brokers.
This difference gives institutional lenders an unfair advantage over a mortgage broker because when a borrower closes a loan with a mortgage broker, the borrower is fully aware of the revenue that the broker business earns on their loan. On the other hand, consumers are never made aware of the amount of profit that large institutional lenders generate when they in turn sell servicing rights to another lender. Further, many mortgage brokers argue that the use of the term "par rate" in describing YSP is misleading; if a true "par rate" is provided to the customer, the only way for a mortgage broker to earn compensation would then be to charge additional origination and/or discount points to the consumer, whereas the institutional lenders commonly set their zero-point loans at a significantly higher rate than undisclosed "par rates" of the secondary market.
Many brokers maintain that the best way to serve the interest of the consumer is with fair, full, and uniform disclosure of loan amount, interest rate, and settlement costs. Toward that end, they argue that the single best way to compare different rates and fees is through examination of the Good Faith Estimate and Truth-In-Lending Disclosure, and further, through comparison of the Annual Percentage Rate that is disclosed in the Truth-In-Lending. YSP has no impact on APR; the variables impacting APR include loan amount, rate and fees. Therefore, with respect to obtaining the most cost-effective financing in both the short and long term, APR is the best index available to the consumer.
Another competitive disadvantage, seen from the point of view of mortgage brokers competing with institutional lenders, is that brokers, unlike institutional lenders, have to disclose that they earn YSP on the Good Faith Estimate. There are two separate Good Faith Estimates, one for the broker, one for the institutional lender. The difference is one section that exists only on the Good Faith Estimate used by the mortgage broker. It states:
"Compensation To Broker, Not Paid Out Of Loan Proceeds"
The exact disclosure requirements vary between states. In some states brokers must disclose a range, typically 0%-2% of the loan amount, but not the exact amount[citation needed]. Some states simply require that a warning is appended[citation needed]. Some states require the broker to disclose an estimated dollar amount, such as $2,500[citation needed].
As of October 2007, Florida requires that the maximum compensation a broker might make on a loan be disclosed as a dollar amount (not a range). Furthermore, once the loan is rate locked and the amount of compensation is known, this amount must be re-disclosed to the borrower within 3 days of knowing the exact amount. The disclosure must be earlier than 3 days prior to closing. "Florida Statute 494.0038". Retrieved 2007-11-02.
Institutional lenders are exempt from this requirement.
"Giveaway to Big Business?"
Sometime on or around 2002, The Secretary of HUD, now Senator Mel Martinez, R-Florida, tried and failed to pass sweeping RESPA (Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act) reform legislation that would have further put mortgage brokers at a disadvantage by requiring mortgage brokers to credit borrowers the amount of yield spread premium that they earned, and then charge the borrowers a fee to recover the yield spread premium. Lenders would have still been exempt from that requirement.
For example, if a borrower went to his regular bank or to a large lender, they may receive a quote from them of 6.25%, Zero Points. The lender presumably would earn additional compensation when they sold the loan at some later date. For the sake of this example, we'll call it 1%.
If a mortgage broker offered the borrower the same rate, 6.25%, the borrower would receive the one point YSP as a "Lender Credit to Borrower" Then, in order to earn the same fee as the institutional lender does above, the mortgage broker would have to charge the borrower a 1% "mortgage broker fee".
So, the mortgage broker deal would be 6.25%, 1 Pt. Fee paid by borrower to broker, plus 1 points paid by lender to borrower, whereas the institutional lender could offer the equivalent at 6.25%, zero points. It is likely that borrowers would prefer the simpler deal from the lender, even though they would pay the same number of points (zero), and get the same interest rate. These concerns are corroborated by an FTC study, which found customers more likely to take a more expensive non-broker product under this disclosure method.[3]
HUD proposed broker compensation disclosures as part of its July 2002 RESPA reform proposal (HUD 2002a, 49134). Mortgage brokers would be required to disclose, in the Good Faith Estimate (GFE) provided to borrowers, any compensation received from the lender in connection with the origination of the loan. A major part of the compensation is any Yield spread premium (YSP) paid by the lender for a loan originated at an above-par interest rate. The YSP reflects the additional value to the lender of a loan originated at the higher interest rate. The proposed disclosure was motivated by a concern that brokers were placing borrowers in above par loans without their knowledge, and keeping the YSPs rather than passing them through to consumers in the form of reduced settlement costs. Direct lenders would not be required to make the same disclosure, even though they may be charging the same interest rate and settlement costs and earning the same compensation as a broker.
The compensation disclosures had a significant adverse impact on the respondents perception of loan costs and on respondents’ choice of loans. The disclosures caused a significant proportion of respondents to choose more expensive loans by mistake and caused a substantial bias against broker loans even when the broker loans cost the same or less than direct lender loans.
The findings of this study indicate that broker compensation disclosures are likely to harm rather than help consumers and competition in the mortgage market. --The disclosures are likely to lead a significant proportion of borrowers to choose more expensive loans by mistake. --The disclosures are likely to cause a substantial bias against broker loans that may reduce competition and increase the cost of all mortgages. --All three versions of the compensation disclosure tested in the study resulted in significant consumer confusion about loan costs and a substantial bias against broker loans. This included versions that moved the disclosure to a second page of the cost information.[3]
No Closing Cost Loans Explained
YSP can also be used by a mortgage broker to offer "No Closing Cost" loans. For example, if a borrower takes a $800,000 loan and the total closing costs amount to $5,000, the broker could increase the interest rate that pays the broker a YSP of say 1% and the broker could then credit the borrower $5,000 of the $8000 made in YSP towards his closing costs. The broker would still earn a $3,000 -paid by the YSP. This is almost always the case for loans advertised as "no closing cost" or "no fee." The only way for a broker to provide a loan without fees (and stay in business) is to charge the borrower a rate which pays a sufficient YSP to cover the closing costs, as well as earn some money for themselves.
Note that in that example, the key expression is "could" - the broker is under no obligation to share their YSP with the borrower, though it is disclosed on the est. HUD-1 by law. So, if the broker steers the borrower towards a mortgage with a higher interest rate, the broker might receive a YSP of say 1.5%, resulting in $12,000 paid by the lender to the broker. Subtracting the $5,000 spent towards closing costs, the broker would have made $7,000 rather than $3,000 as in the original example. The borrower should always check his/her estimated HUD-1 at the time he/she signs loan documents in order to ensure the loan fees and charges are in line with what they were told/expected. Unlike a Good Faith Estimate (which is provided by the broker), a HUD-1 is a document provided by the escrow company handling escrow for the loan. Though technically an estimate until the loan is funded, an est HUD cannot be changed after loan docs have been signed unless the borrower resigns certain documents disclosing finance charges associated with the loan ("re-disclosure").
During the refinancing boom in 1998-2005, rogue mortgage brokers used the YSP to defraud wholesale lenders by colluding with borrowers as follows. A borrower would accept a much higher interest rate that would result in a huge YSP paid to the broker. For instance, for the $800,000 loan discussed above, a YSP of 3 points would result in a $24,000 cash payment to the broker. The broker would share the YSP with the borrower. Shortly after closing the loan, the borrower would refinance the loan at a lower interest rate, essentially avoiding paying back the YSP received in a higher interest rate over time. This practice, also known as "Churning" if used intentionally, defrauds the investors who paid the YSP in expectation of receiving higher interest payments while the loan is being paid back.
Wholesale lenders have introduced practices to combat this type of fraud. Most wholesale mortgage broker agreements specifically require that borrowers make at least 4 payments on their new loan, or the broker receives an Early-Pay-Off notice (EPO). An EPO requires the broker (subject to their wholesale brokerage agreement with the lender) to pay back the entire rebate they earned. It is the case that many brokers will refinance the same clients over and over again, typically in 6 month increments, and they will share the YSP with the borrower, while the borrower agrees to a higher rate on what amounts to a permanent basis, since they keep refinancing the same type of loan the same way. However, with the current softening of housing values (as of 4-2007) much of that type of refinancing has come to an end. Another measure is that most lenders (and many states) have limits on the amount of YSP they will pay out (currently most lenders limit this is no more than 3 points). Lastly, brokers who repeatedly refinance borrowers in this way will almost certainly be cut off from doing business with lenders who they had been approved with.
References
- ↑ "DFI: Yield Spread Premium (YSP)". Indiana Department of Financial Institutions.
- ↑ "Yield Spread Premiums: A Powerful Incentive for Equity Theft". Center for Responsible Lending.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lacko, James; Pappalardo, Janus. "The Effect of Mortgage Broker Compensation Disclosures on Consumers and Competition: A Controlled Experiment". Federal Trade Commission.
External links
- Howell E. Jackson and Jeremy Berry: Kickbacks or Compensation: The Case of Yield Spread Premiums, Harvard Law School
- Yield Spread Premium and HR 3915 — Mortgage News Daily