Wyandotte Caves

Wyandotte Caves
An old photo of the entrance to Wyandotte Cave
Map of Indiana
Location	Crawford County, Indiana
Nearest city	Leavenworth
Coordinates	38°13′41″N 86°17′46″W / 38.22806°N 86.29611°W / 38.22806; -86.29611Coordinates: 38°13′41″N 86°17′46″W / 38.22806°N 86.29611°W / 38.22806; -86.29611
U.S. National Natural Landmark
Designated:	1972

Wyandotte Caves, a pair of limestone caves located on the Ohio River in Harrison-Crawford State Forest in Crawford County, 5 miles (8 km) north-east of Leavenworth and 12 miles (19 km) from Corydon in southern Indiana, is a popular tourist attraction. Wyandotte Caves were designated a National Natural Landmark in 1972.^[1] They are now part of O'Bannon Woods State Park. The cave system is the 5th largest in the state of Indiana.^[2]

The term "Wyandotte Caves" is used to refer to Wyandotte Cave (sometimes called the "Historic Cave") and Little Wyandotte Cave (also called Siberts Cave and sometimes called the "New Cave"), but the two caves are completely different. They are located very close to each other, and are owned and managed by the same entity. There the resemblance ends.

Geological history and formations

Wyandotte Cave Visitor Center

Wyandotte Caves began to form in the Pliocene Era, about 2 million years ago.^[3] Like most of Southern Indiana's caves, the caves were formed when water dissolved limestone, causing hollow caves to form.

The limestone which forms much of Southern Indiana's bedrock, and from which Wyandotte and other local caves are formed, was first deposited in the Mississippian epoch (360 Ma to 325 Ma), when Indiana was covered by a shallow inland sea.

Although the glaciers of the Pliocene and Pleistocene periods did not quite reach as far south as the area now known as Crawford County, where Wyandotte and Marengo Caves are located, they dramatically influenced the development of those caves.

The Ohio River was formed at this time, and today flows only minutes from Wyandotte Caves. The advancing and retreating glaciers destroyed the pre-existing Teays River, and the Ohio River was formed, draining the land that the Teays once drained. As the glaciers melted, the icy cold water (which dissolves limestone much faster than warm water) flowing towards the Ohio River (which was then much higher than it is now) dissolved the limestone which is the bedrock for much of Southern Indiana, hollowing out caves such as Wyandotte.

The main entrance to Wyandotte Cave is 220 feet (67 m) above the level of the Blue River. Wyandotte Cave is known for its long open passageways and large rooms. With 9.2 miles (14.806 km) of passageways on five levels it is one of the longest caves in Indiana. Included in its formations is Monument Mountain. At 135 feet (41.148 m) tall, Monument Mountain is considered to be the world's largest underground mountain.^[4] Wyandotte Cave is also home to a great many helictites, which are considered rare. The cave is also home to the tallest stalagmite in the world, known as the Pillar of the Constitution, but this is only visible on crawling tours.^[5]

Long speleothems, formed by rainwater dissolving calcium carbonate, abound in Siberts Cave. The cave exhibits a wide variety of speleothems including; stalactites, stalagmites, columns, flowstone, flowstone colored with iron oxide known as cave bacon, flowstone known as cave draperies, soda straws, popcorn, and rimstone dams.

The temperature inside both caves maintains a constant 52 degrees Fahrenheit (about 11 degrees Celsius).

History of human use

Wyandotte Cave was used by Native Americans for nearly 4000 years before Europeans arrived in the area; using carbon dating, evidence of activity and artifacts found in the cave have been dated to 8000 BCE. The Native Americans used torches made of hickory bark and grape vines to light their way into the cave where they mined for chert, which they used to make stone tools. The remains of their mining explorations can be seen on tours to this day.

The discovery of Wyandotte Cave by European settlers is believed to have occurred around 1798.^[6] Shortly thereafter Wyandotte Cave became known as an excellent source of saltpeter, an integral component of gunpowder, and of Epsom salts, which have medical uses. Saltpeter mining in the cave reached a peak under a man by the name of Dr. Benjamin Adams during the War of 1812. Modern tours feature Dr. Adams' vats and hoppers, and point out where magnesium sulfate (the chemical name of Epsom salt) is visible as a glittery substance lining the cave walls. The cave was also used to store supplies for the army of William Henry Harrison.

Wyandotte Cave was named by Governor David Wallace after the river which was then known as the Wyandotte, but which is currently known as the Blue River. Before receiving its current name it was variously called the Mammoth Cave of Indiana, the Epsom Salts Cave, and the Indiana Saltpetre Cave.^[7]

The land beneath which the caves are located was bought by Henry Peter Rothrock in 1819. The Rothrocks seemed to have had little to do with the cave until 1850, when they offered the first commercial tours of the cave after the discovery of a large new section of cavern. This date of 1850 makes Wyandotte cave the fourth oldest commercial cave in the United States. Siberts Cave was discovered in 1851 and named after the person who discovered it. The caves were sold to the Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry in 1966, along with 1,174 acres (4.75 km²) of woodland. The DNR spun the caves and associated tours off to a private company, Wyandotte Caves LLC, in 2002.

Current status

Wyandotte Cave is one of four show caves in Indiana. As of June 2010 the caves are closed indefinitely to protect the bats from White Nose Syndrome.^[8] Nearby Marengo Cave, Bluespring Caverns, and Squire Boone Caverns are open.

Cave life

Bats

Indiana is home to 12 native species of bats. Wyandotte Cave is occupied by members of nine of those 12 species; the total bat population is over 30,000. The most common bat in the cave is the endangered Myotis sodalis, (commonly known as the Indiana Bat), followed by the Myotis lucifugus (commonly known as the little brown bat).^[9]

Little Wyandotte cave rarely gets bats, as the only entrance to that cave is less than 200 years old, and humans have been present in that cave on a regular basis since it first opened. However, the occasional adventurous bat will venture in.

The presence of hibernating bats in the winter is the main reason that the caves are closed to the public from the first of November until February 28. Bats can occasionally be seen by the lucky visitor during the rest of the year, but they are far less numerous and less likely to be disturbed in the warmer months.

Salamanders

Cave salamanders can often be seen in the entrance area of Wyandotte cave.

Fish

Blind cavefish are rarely seen in the larger of Wyandotte Caves, as it is very dry in modern times. Little Wyandotte Cave, however, is much wetter than the historic cave, but still contains no fish. The only living aquatic life found is bacteria.

Crickets

Cave crickets abound in the smaller cave, and some occasionally enter the larger cave. They are often eaten by snakes, however.

Gallery

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  Park Entrance

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  Rare helictite formations

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  Column formation

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  Narrow passageway in the cave

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  An Oddfellows meeting hall, used in the mid-1800s

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  Wyandotte Cave stalagmite

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wyandotte caves.

• U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Wyandotte Caves
• Indiana Caves Subterranean Club website
•  "Wyandotte Cave". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.