William R. King

William R. King
Portrait of King, painted by George Cooke in 1839.
13th Vice President of the United States
In office March 4, 1853 – April 18, 1853
President	Franklin Pierce
Preceded by	Millard Fillmore
Succeeded by	John C. Breckinridge
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
In office May 6, 1850 – December 20, 1852
Preceded by	David Rice Atchison
Succeeded by	David Rice Atchison
In office July 1, 1836 – March 4, 1841
Preceded by	John Tyler
Succeeded by	Samuel L. Southard
United States Minister to France
In office 1844–1846
Preceded by	Lewis Cass
Succeeded by	Richard Rush
United States Senator from Alabama
In office December 14, 1819 – April 15, 1844
Preceded by	None
Succeeded by	Dixon Hall Lewis
In office July 1, 1848 – December 20, 1852
Preceded by	Arthur P. Bagby
Succeeded by	Benjamin Fitzpatrick
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from North Carolina's 5th district
In office March 4, 1811 – November 4, 1816
Preceded by	Thomas Kenan
Succeeded by	Charles Hooks
Personal details
Born	William Rufus DeVane King (1786-04-07)April 7, 1786 Sampson County, North Carolina
Died	April 18, 1853(1853-04-18) (aged 67) Selma, Dallas County, Alabama
Political party	Democratic
Alma mater	University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Signature

William Rufus DeVane King (April 7, 1786 – April 18, 1853) was an American politician and diplomat. He was the 13th Vice President of the United States for about six weeks in 1853 before his death. Earlier he had been elected as a U.S. Representative from North Carolina and a Senator from Alabama. He also served as Minister to France.

A Democrat, he was a Unionist and his contemporaries considered him to be a moderate on the issues of sectionalism, slavery, and westward expansion that contributed to the American Civil War. He helped draft the Compromise of 1850.^[1] He is the only United States executive official to take the oath of office on foreign soil. King died of tuberculosis after 45 days in office. With the exceptions of John Tyler and Andrew Johnson—both of whom succeeded to the Presidency—he is the shortest-serving Vice President.

King was the only Vice President from Alabama and, as such, held the highest political office of any Alabamian in American history.

Early life

King was born in Sampson County, North Carolina, to William King and Margaret deVane. His family was large, wealthy and well-connected. He graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1803, where he was also a member of the Philanthropic Society. Admitted to the bar in 1806 after reading the law with an established firm, he began practice in Clinton, North Carolina. King was an ardent and prominent Freemason, having been Elected on 15 December 1807, Entered on 17 December 1807, Passed on 3 May 1809, and Raised on 15 December 1810. He was a member of Phoenix Lodge No. 8, A.F. & A.M., Fayetteville, North Carolina.

Political career

King quickly entered politics and was elected as a member of the North Carolina House of Commons from 1807 to 1809, and city solicitor of Wilmington, North Carolina in 1810. He was elected to the Twelfth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Congresses, serving from March 4, 1811 until November 4, 1816, when he resigned to take a federal appointment. King was appointed as Secretary of the Legation to William Pinkney at Naples, Italy, and later at St. Petersburg, Russia.

When he returned to the United States in 1818, King joined the westward migration to the Deep South, purchasing property at what would later be known as King's Bend on the Alabama River in Dallas County, Alabama, part of the Black Belt. It was between present-day Selma and Cahaba. He developed a large cotton plantation based on slave labor, calling the property Chestnut Hill. King and his relatives, as others moved to Alabama, together formed one of the largest slaveholding families in the state, collectively owning as many as 500 slaves.

Politics

King was a delegate to the convention which organized the Alabama state government. Upon the admission of Alabama as a State in 1819, he was elected by the legislature as a Democratic-Republican to the United States Senate. He was reelected as a Jacksonian in 1822, 1828, 1834, and 1841, serving from December 14, 1819, until April 15, 1844, when he resigned. He served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate during the 24th through 27th Congresses. King was Chairman of the Committee on Public Lands and the Committee on Commerce.

He was appointed as Minister to France from 1844 to 1846. After his return, King was appointed and subsequently elected as a Democrat to the Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Arthur P. Bagby; he began serving on July 1, 1848.

During the conflicts leading up to the Compromise of 1850, King supported the Senate's gag rule against debate on antislavery petitions and opposed proposals to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, which was administered by Congress.^[2] King supported a conservative, pro-slavery position, arguing that the Constitution protected the institution of slavery in both the Southern states and the federal territories. He opposed both the abolitionists' efforts to abolish slavery in the territories as well as the Fire-Eaters' calls for Southern secession.^[2]

On July 11, 1850, two days after the death of President Zachary Taylor, King was appointed President pro tempore of the Senate. Because of the vacancy in the vice-presidential office, due to succession rules he was first in the line of succession to the U.S. Presidency. King served until resigning on December 20, 1852, due to poor health (he was found to have tuberculosis). He served also as Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations and Committee on Pensions.

Relationship with James Buchanan

James Buchanan, 15th President of the United States. He shared a Washington boardinghouse with his friend and colleague, William R. King.

While King may have been asexual or celibate, there are many indicators that suggest he was homosexual. The argument has been put forward by Shelley Ross, biographer Jean Baker,^[3] James W. Loewen, and Robert P. Watson.

The source of this interest has been King's close and intimate relationship with President James Buchanan. The two men lived together in a Washington boardinghouse for 10 years from 1834 until King's departure for France in 1844, after which point they never again resided together. King referred to the relationship as a "communion".,^[4] and the two often attended social functions together. Contemporaries also noted the closeness. Andrew Jackson called them "Miss Nancy"^[5] and "Aunt Fancy" (the former being a 19th-century euphemism for an effeminate man^[6]), while Aaron V. Brown referred to King as Buchanan's "better half".^[7][8] James Loewen has described Buchanan and King as "siamese twins".^[9]

Buchanan adopted King's mannerisms and romanticised view of southern culture. Both had strong political ambitions and in 1844 they planned to run as president and vice president. They spent some time apart while King was on overseas missions in France, and their letters remain cryptic, avoiding revealing any personal feelings at all. In May 1844, Buchanan wrote to Cornelia Roosevelt, "I am now 'solitary and alone,' having no companion in the house with me. I have gone a wooing to several gentlemen, but have not succeeded with any one of them. I feel that it is not good for man to be alone, and [I] should not be astonished to find myself married to some old maid who can nurse me when I am sick, provide good dinners for me when I am well, and not expect from me any very ardent or romantic affection."^[4]

King became ill in 1853 and died shortly of tuberculosis after Pierce's inauguration, four years before Buchanan became President. Buchanan described him as "among the best, the purest and most consistent public men I have known."^[4] While some of their correspondence does not survive, the length and intimacy of surviving letters illustrate "the affection of a special friendship."

Vice Presidency and death

Engraving of Chestnut Hill, published following King's death in the Illustrated News, New York, April 30, 1853. The house burned during the 1920s.

Crypt of William R. King in Live Oak Cemetery, Selma, Alabama.

King was elected Vice President of the United States on the Democratic ticket with Franklin Pierce in 1852. By a special act of Congress, he took the oath of office on March 24, 1853 in Cuba,^[10][11] twenty days after he became Vice President.^[2] He had gone to John Chartrand's La Ariadne plantation in Matanzas because of ill health, and the unusual inauguration took place on foreign soil because it was believed that King, then known to be terminally ill with tuberculosis, would not live much longer.^[1] Although he did not take the oath until 20 days after the inauguration day, he was legally considered to be the Vice President during those three weeks.^[2]

Shortly afterward, King returned to his Chestnut Hill plantation where he died within two days. He was interred in a vault on the plantation and later reburied in Selma's Live Oak Cemetery. King never came to Washington, D.C. or carried out any duties of the office during his term.^[12] The U.S. Senate displays a bust of King in its collection, even though he never presided over a legislative session as Vice President.^[13]

Following King's death, the office of Vice President was vacant for four years until March 4, 1857, when John C. Breckinridge was inaugurated. In accordance with the Presidential Succession Act of 1792, the President pro tempore of the Senate was next in order of succession to President Pierce from 1853 to 1857.

Legacy and honors

• In 1852 the Oregon Territory named King County for him, as well as Pierce County after President-elect Pierce. These counties became part of Washington Territory when it was created the following year. Washington did not become a state until 1889; much later, King County amended its designation and its logo to honor Martin Luther King, Jr.. The county took its action after passing an ordinance;^[14] it was later reaffirmed by statutory action (SB 5332, April 19, 2005) of the State of Washington.^[15]
  • As the Kingdome (1976–2000), Seattle's baseball-football domed stadium, was built when King County was still named in honor of William R. King, this major league sports arena can be said to have been indirectly named after the vice president.
• The King Residence Quadrangle at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, his alma mater, is named for him. It is the site of Mangum, Manly, Ruffin and Grimes house residences.
  • An 1830 portrait of King is held at New East Hall in the Philanthropic Chambers by The Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies, a debating society which he had joined during college.
• King was a co-founder of (and named) Selma, a town on the Alabama River town after the Ossianic poem The Songs of Selma.^[1] After his death, city officials and some of King's family wanted to move his body to Selma. Other family members wanted his body to remain at Chestnut Hill. In 1882, the Selma City Council appointed a committee to select a new plot for King's body. After 29 years, his remains were removed from his plantation and reinterred in the city's Live Oak Cemetery under an elaborate white marble mausoleum erected by the city.^[16]

References

External links

• William R. King at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Who is William Rufus King?
• "Obituary addresses on the occasion of the death of the Hon. William R. King, of Alabama, vice-president of the United States : delivered in the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States, eighth of December, 1853", Archives
• William R. King at Find a Grave

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: William R. King

v t e Vice Presidents of the United States John Adams Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr George Clinton Elbridge Gerry Daniel D. Tompkins John C. Calhoun Martin Van Buren Richard Mentor Johnson John Tyler George M. Dallas Millard Fillmore William R. King John C. Breckinridge Hannibal Hamlin Andrew Johnson Schuyler Colfax Henry Wilson William A. Wheeler Chester A. Arthur Thomas A. Hendricks Levi P. Morton Adlai Stevenson I Garret Hobart Theodore Roosevelt Charles W. Fairbanks James S. Sherman Thomas R. Marshall Calvin Coolidge Charles G. Dawes Charles Curtis John Nance Garner Henry A. Wallace Harry S. Truman Alben W. Barkley Richard Nixon Lyndon B. Johnson Hubert Humphrey Spiro Agnew Gerald Ford Nelson Rockefeller Walter Mondale George H. W. Bush Dan Quayle Al Gore Dick Cheney Joe Biden

v t e United States Senators from Alabama Class 2 King Lewis Fitzpatrick Clemens C. Claiborne Clay Warner Goldthwaite Morgan Bankhead, Sr. Comer J. Heflin Bankhead, Jr. Swift Sparkman H. Heflin Sessions Class 3 Walker Kelly Chambers Pickens McKinley Moore McKinley C. Comer Clay Bagby King Fitzpatrick Spencer Houston Pryor Pugh Pettus Johnston White Underwood Black Graves Hill J. Allen M. Allen Stewart Denton Shelby

v t e Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate Langdon Lee Langdon Izard H Tazewell Livermore Bingham Bradford Read Sedgwick Laurance Ross Livermore Tracy Howard Hillhouse Baldwin Bradley Brown Franklin Anderson Smith Bradley Milledge Gregg Gaillard Pope Crawford Varnum Gaillard Barbour Gaillard Macon Smith L Tazewell White Poindexter Tyler W R King Southard Mangum Sevier Atchison W R King Atchison Cass Bright Stuart Bright Mason Rusk Fitzpatrick Bright Fitzpatrick Foot Clark Foster Wade Anthony Carpenter Anthony Ferry Thurman Bayard Davis Edmunds Sherman Ingalls Manderson Harris Ransom Harris Frye Special: Bacon Curtis Gallinger Brandegee Lodge Clarke Saulsbury Cummins Moses Pittman W H King Harrison Glass McKellar Vandenberg McKellar Bridges George Hayden Russell Ellender Eastland Magnuson Young Magnuson Thurmond Stennis Byrd Thurmond Byrd Thurmond Byrd Stevens Byrd Inouye Leahy

v t e Cabinet of President Franklin Pierce (1853–1857) Vice President William R. King (1853) None (1853-1857) Secretary of State William Learned Marcy (1853–1857) Secretary of the Treasury James Guthrie (1853–1857) Secretary of War Jefferson Davis (1853–1857) Attorney General Caleb Cushing (1853–1857) Postmaster General James Campbell (1853–1857) Secretary of the Navy James C. Dobbin (1853–1857) Secretary of the Interior Robert McClelland (1853–1857)

v t e Deans of the United States Senate Gunn/Langdon Foster Brown Hillhouse Anderson Gaillard Ruggles King Benton Mangum Pearce Bayard/Foot Foot Wade Sumner Chandler Anthony Edmunds Morrill Allison Hale Frye Cullom Gallinger Lodge Warren Simmons Smoot Borah Smith McKellar George Hayden Russell Ellender Aiken Eastland/McClellan Eastland Magnuson Stennis Thurmond Byrd Inouye Leahy