Wickhambreaux

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    Coordinates: 51°16′53″N 1°10′45″E / 51.2815°N 1.1791°E / 51.2815; 1.1791
    Wickhambreaux (Wickhambreux)

    The Rose Inn, Wickhambreaux
    Wickhambreaux (Wickhambreux)

     Wickhambreaux (Wickhambreux) shown within Kent
    Population Approx 500
    OS grid reference TR217583
    Civil parish Wickhambreaux
    District City of Canterbury
    Shire county Kent
    Region South East
    Country England
    Sovereign state United Kingdom
    Post town Canterbury
    Postcode district CT3
    Dialling code 01227
    Police Kent
    Fire Kent
    Ambulance South East Coast
    EU Parliament South East England
    UK Parliament Canterbury
    List of places
    UK
    England
    Kent

    Wickhambreaux (/ˈwɪkəmbruː/ WIK-əm-brew) is a village, just off the A257 Sandwich Road, five miles from Canterbury in the county of Kent, England, United Kingdom.

    History

    Wickhambreaux has a rich history with connections to the Church and Crown dating back to Roman times.[1] It is first mentioned in 948 when King Eadred granted land to a religious woman, however, Wickhambreaux settlement predates this to at least Roman times as it is on the northwest side of the Roman Road.[2] Wickhambreaux village still retains its medieval pattern with the Church, manor house, rectory, inn and mill encircling the green.[3]

    Wickhambreaux manor was the home of Joan of Kent, wife to Edward Plantagenet, and mother of Richard II. The tomb of Edward Plantagenet, popularly known as the Black Prince, is in Canterbury Cathedral.

    Joan was very much a power behind the throne and was well loved for her influence over the young king. So much so that when she returned to London from a pilgrimage to Canterbury in 1381, which included a visit to her Wickhambreaux estate, and found her way barred by Wat Tyler and his rebels on Blackheath, the mob not only let her through unharmed, but saluted her with kisses and provided an escort for her for the rest of her journey.

    In the Domesday Book the village is referred to as Wicheham. The derivation appears to be Anglo Saxon and is formed from Wich (Wich town), meaning costal trading settlement and Ham, meaning homestead or settlement.[4] Although this is surprising today, in Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon England the village was near the mouth of the Little Stour or Lesser Stour, where is entered the Wantsum Channel.[5][6][7][8] This explains the fisheries and salt pans identified in the Domesday Book and the river was at that time easily navigable for ships of the time. Wickhambreaux is the location of the site where one of the first Roman roads in Britain crossed the Little Stour en route from, where the Romans first landed in Britain, Richborough Castle to Canterbury.[9]

    An alternative spelling may be Wykham Brewes as seen in 1418, the home of a weaver called John Bourneman. Other places mentioned in the record are Goodneston by Wyngham, Mungeham and Elmestone.[10]

    Wickhambreaux's ancient 14th century church includes an Art Nouveau stained glass window dating from the 19th century.

    Historically the village was a farming community but as with so many rural villages many of the residents work in local towns. Although only small in population, around 500, it is a busy village with its church activities, Produce Association, competitive cricket club and many other similar interests. Village shops closed over the years but despite the small population the primary school still occupies its original historic building dating back to 1869.

    The surrounding countryside is good farm land producing some of Kent's finest fruit as well as cereal and vegetable crops.

    The Village

    The historic village of Wickhambreaux contains a harmonious collection of substantial distinctive properties clustered around the village green, including the former watermill on the banks of the Little Stour. The most picturesque corner is to the south-east with the Old Stone House and Wickham Mill adjoining the river.[11]

    Wickham Mill (grade II listed) previously a corn mill dominates the entrance into Wickhambreaux from Littlebourne and its four storey, with attics, white weather boarded structure is a local landmark. Of particular note is the retention of the overshot waterwheel. Opposite the Mill is the Old Stone House/former Post Office (grade II*). Beyond the mill where the road crosses the Little Stour via a small bridge with white painted wooden railings, the village green is reached. The green is very much the centre of the village with the, church, large houses and the Rose Inn public house fronting it.[12]

    The Old Stone House, Wickhambreaux

    To the northwest of the Mill on a small rise sits the flint and stone church of St Andrew (grade I) and its graveyard. This simple perpendicular church dates from the 14th century but was restored and much altered in 1868. The Art Noveau stained glass east window of the Annunciation dates from 1896. The donor was James Gallatin of New York and this was the first commission in Europe given to American glassworkers.[13]

    St Andrew's Church, Wickhambreaux

    Wickhambreaux Court (grade II) sits on a small slope above the green and its Regency buff brick 1700s façade with green shutters is the dominant built feature from the green. This re-facing masks an older building which could well be medieval in origins and was likely undertaken on the instruction of the then owner of the Manor Sir Thomas Palmer, 4th Baronet, of Wingham.[14] The house featured in the 1944 film A Canterbury Tale. Behind Wickhambreaux Court is the Wickham Court Oast, which is all that remains of a farm.[15]

    Wickham Court, Wickhambreaux

    Across the green from Wickhambreaux Court sits Old Willow Farmhouse (grade II) a two storey 18th century house of red brick which was restored and rendered in the first half of the 19th century. The building sits prettily in its grounds next to the Little Stour. The river at this point flows between the Oast Houses and Old Willow Farmhouse and has landscaped banks with willow trees, shrubs and flowers crossed by attractive foot bridges.[16]

    The Old Rectory (formerly Wickham House) is grade II* listed with unmistakeable Baroque tendencies. It was built in 1714 by Reverend Alexander Young [17] The Old rectory is two storeys high with attics and a basement. Its construction of red-brown brick with red brick dressings has one of the finest examples of tuck-pointing mortar in the district.[18]

    The Old Rectory, Wickhambreaux


    To the south of the Old Rectory is the Rose Inn (grade II). Its two storey rendered frontage is late 17th early 18th century in appearance. In earlier times travellers used it as a stopping point on their way to Grove where The Stour could be crossed. It remains the busy hub of this community being one of the few businesses left in the village. Adjacent to the Rose Inn is a small terrace of locally listed cottages which along with the Old Bell House form the corner and entrance to The Street a narrow road of smaller terraced style houses.[19]


    The Old Bell House (grade II) is a 15th century timber-framed building, probably a hall- house of two bays. The first floor is close studded with brown roughcast infilling, the ground floor is rebuilt in painted brick. It turns the corner into The Street where it is abutted by Bell Cottage.[20]

    Wickhambreaux retains the medieval pattern of development of grander homes around the green and smaller workers’ cottages and small businesses in their own separate area. The Street is narrow and lined with closely packed buildings predominantly built up to the road edge. This character area contains 17 listed buildings and 23 locally listed properties. The form, layout and character of this street hark back to a much earlier era. Until 1966 the road still had the central drainage gutter from the Middle Ages and is still locally known as Gutter Street.[21]

    The Street would have been the commercial core of the village and many of the building forms and names still reflect this, however, the village shops have closed over the years.[22]

    Wickhambreaux in the Domesday Book

    "The Bishop of Bayeux held Wicheham in demesne and it was assessed at 4 sulungs. There was land for 11 ploughs, while the demesne had land for 2 ploughs; 36 villans and 32 cottars had 9 ploughs. There was a church and a priest who gave 40 shillings a year. There was a park; 2 mills rendering 50 shillings; 2 salt-pans rendering 32 pence; 3 fisheries rendering 4 shillings; 32 acres of meadow; pasture for 300 sheep and 31 cattle; woodland for 80 pigs.

    In the time of King Edward it was worth £25; when it was received by the bishop it was worth £20; by 1086 it was worth £30.

    Also belonging to this manor were 3 messages in Canterbury rendering 6 shillings 8 pence.

    In addition there belonged to this manor half a sulung of free land which Sigeræd held of Alfred Bigga and then Geoffrey fitzMalleterre held of the Bishop of Bayeux; it was always worth 60 shillings".[23]

    By the eleventh century the church and adjacent court farm formed the manorial focus of the medieval settlements.[24]

    Owners of The Manor of Wickhambreaux

    In the Domesday Book Odo, Earl of Kent, half brother of William the Conqueror was owner of the Manor. Bishop Odo was imprisoned and subsequently banished to Normandy and the Manor passed to Roger de Condet (Cundi/Cundy) c.1083.[25] On his death in 1141, it was inherited by his son Roger de Cundet, who died in 1201, bequeathing it to his daughter, Agnes de Cundy. Agnes married Walter II de Clifford and thus it passed into the ownership of the de Clifford's.[26] It was subsequently owned by Walter III de Clifford. He left one daughter Maud as heiress, a granddaughter of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, who married firstly William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury [27] and secondly John Giffard of Brimsfield. William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury's [28] son Nicholas Longespee is the first recorded rector of Wickhambreaux. It passed from Walter III de Clifford to John de Brewes, via Walter II de Clifford being his step father (having married Margaret/Maud in 1234) [29][30]

    John de Brewes was the younger son of John de Braose. He died in 1275 and the Manor passed to William de Braose, 1st Baron Braose and to his son William de Braose, 2nd Baron Braose, who died in 1326 and his heirs were his daughter Aline and his grandson John de Bohun. Aline, the elder daughter, married John de Mowbray and Richard de Peschale. On William de Braose's death there was contention about who owned the Manor with Hugh le Despencer, 2nd Baron le Despencer taking control of it for a period and William's daughter Aline seeking it's return.[31] It was clear that William had intended to sell the Manor, but unclear to whom.[32]

    In 1326 Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent was in possession of the Manor and in 1330 it passed to his son Edmund, 2nd Earl of Kent and to his brother, John, 3rd Earl of Kent on his death on 27 December 1352, without issue, the estates fell to Joan of Kent "The Fair Maid of Kent"". On her death in 1385 it passed to her son, from her first marriage, Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent. It remained under the control of the de Holland family till 1408, being owned bt Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey then his son Edmund Holland, 4th Earl of Kent. On his death, with no issue, it passed to Joan, daughter of Eleanor de Holland,[33] husband of Edward Charleton, 5th Baron Cherleton, who married John Grey, 1st Earl of Tankerville and held the manor till 1421. It then passes to John Tiptoft, 1st Baron Tiptoft from his second marriage to Joyce (c. 1404–1446), younger daughter and co-heiress of Edward Charleton, 5th Baron Cherleton by his spouse Eleanor Holand. It was the inherited by his son John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester in 1443.

    In 1470 it passed to Anthony Browne (died 1506),[34] via his wife Lucy Neville,[35] daughter of John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu and grand daughter of John Tiptoft, 1st Baron Tiptoft. In 1506 it was inherited by Anthony Browne (died 1548) and thereafter passed to Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu from 1548-1592, when it was inherited by his son Sir George Browne of Wickhambreaux [36][37] and on his death in 1615 to his son of the same name. By 1656 the grandson second son of Anthony Browne (1552–1592) Stanislaus Browne [38] is recorded as holding the Manor.

    The Manor was sold at the end of Charles II reign by Sir George Browne's daughters [39] to Sir Henry Palmer, 3rd Baronet (died 1706).[40] On his death it passed to Sir Thomas Palmer, 4th Baronet, of Wingham,[41] who was described as ‘A man of pleasure and very extravagant in all things’ and parodied by Alexander Pope thus: "To Palmer's bed no actress comes amiss; He weds the whole Personae Dramatis".[42] Following his death the Manor is under the control of Sir Thomas Palmer's wife Dame Elizabeth Palmer,[43] which resulted in litigation with some Sir Thomas' children.[44] Dame Elizabeth married Thomas Hey, formerly a merchant in Venice.[45][46]

    On her death the Manor passed to Sir Thomas Palmer, 4th Baronet, of Wingham's illegitimate son Herbert's widow Bethia, daughter of Sir Thomas D'Aeth, 1st Baronet (1670–1745). She remarried Colonel John Cosnan, who had served with 45th Regiment of Foot in French and Indian War [47][48] and following his death in 1773, she remained owner of the Manor till 1789, when it was inherited by the Rev. Thomas Hey, rector of Wickhambreaux, and his heirs, being the eldest son of the last Dame Elizabeth Palmer by her last husband. Thomas Hey married first Ethelreda, eldest daughter and coheir of dean Lynch, by whom he has no surviving children; and secondly, Mrs. Pugett, widow of Mr. Puget, of London.[49] Thomas Hey died in 1807 [50][51]

    The Manor then came into the hands of the D'Aeth's,[52] through Herbert Palmer's (illegitimate son of Sir Thomas Palmer, 4th Baronet, of Wingham ) marriage to Bethia daughter of Sir Thomas D'Aeth, 1st Baronet (1670–1745).[53] It remained in the ownership of the D'Aeth's until 1902, when is was sold to Marquess Conyngham [54] who held the Manor till 1929.

    Village life

    The village green is bordered by a tall white clapboard mill with working water wheel, the parish church, several houses and a public house, The Rose Inn. There was once another public house, 'The Hooden Horse', in The Street adjoining the village green, known until the 1950s as 'The Swan' this closed in 1979.

    The practice of hoodening in the village was carried out by labourers who went from door to door, collecting funds, sometimes aggressively, for their Christmas festivities. The hoodening tradition has since ended, but today is immortalized in some of the routines performed by Morris Dancers.

    The Parish Church is that of St Andrew, which is renowned locally for its wall painting and Art Nouveau stained glass. The Parish Priest is Rev Chris Wilkinson.

    The house in the trees on the village green, Wickhambreaux Court, was used as the 'Gluemans' house in Powell and Pressburger's wartime classic film A Canterbury Tale.

    Notable residents

    References

    1. ↑ Ickham, Wickhambreaux and Seaton Conservation Area Appraisal https://www.canterbury.gov.uk/media/215182/ickham-wick-seaton-consarea-appraisal-2011.pdf; Heading 4.2
    2. ↑ Ickham, Wickhambreaux and Seaton Conservation Area Appraisal https://www.canterbury.gov.uk/media/215182/ickham-wick-seaton-consarea-appraisal-2011.pdf; Page 18
    3. ↑ Ickham, Wickhambreaux and Seaton Conservation Area Appraisal https://www.canterbury.gov.uk/media/215182/ickham-wick-seaton-consarea-appraisal-2011.pdf; Heading 4.2
    4. ↑ http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/anglo_saxon_place_names.htm
    5. ↑ Augustine of Canterbury: Leadership, Spirituality and Mission; http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0fkMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA168&lpg=PA168&dq=wantsum+channel+wickhambreaux&source=bl&ots=3BKEjw8avD&sig=QgJr5naGs2n5EY3pG6pkD2QNANU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xLbRUpHuOI-BhAeqnYHABQ&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Wickhambreaux&f=false; Page 146 & 168
    6. ↑ http://www.wingham.org/communities/united%20kindom/wingham%20village/history/history.htm
    7. ↑ http://www.wantsumchurches.org/wantsum_history.html
    8. ↑ http://marikavel.org/angleterre/thanet/accueil.htm
    9. ↑ Ickham, Wickhambreaux and Seaton Conservation Area Appraisal; https://www.canterbury.gov.uk/media/215182/ickham-wick-seaton-consarea-appraisal-2011.pdf; Page 12
    10. ↑ Plea Rolls of the Court of Common Pleas; National Archives; CP 40 / 629, year 1418; http://aalt.law.uh.edu/H5/CP40no629/aCP40no629fronts/IMG_0160.htm; third entry, defendant to John Chapman of Dover
    11. ↑ Ickham, Wickhambreaux and Seaton Conservation Area Appraisal https://www.canterbury.gov.uk/media/215182/ickham-wick-seaton-consarea-appraisal-2011.pdf; Pages 19, 20 & 21
    12. ↑ Ickham, Wickhambreaux and Seaton Conservation Area Appraisal https://www.canterbury.gov.uk/media/215182/ickham-wick-seaton-consarea-appraisal-2011.pdf; Pages 19, 20 & 21
    13. ↑ Ickham, Wickhambreaux and Seaton Conservation Area Appraisal https://www.canterbury.gov.uk/media/215182/ickham-wick-seaton-consarea-appraisal-2011.pdf; Pages 19, 20 & 21
    14. ↑ The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1715-1754, ed. R. Sedgwick, 1970; http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/palmer-sir-thomas-1682-1723;
    15. ↑ Ickham, Wickhambreaux and Seaton Conservation Area Appraisal https://www.canterbury.gov.uk/media/215182/ickham-wick-seaton-consarea-appraisal-2011.pdf; Pages 19, 20 & 21
    16. ↑ Ickham, Wickhambreaux and Seaton Conservation Area Appraisal https://www.canterbury.gov.uk/media/215182/ickham-wick-seaton-consarea-appraisal-2011.pdf; Pages 19, 20 & 21
    17. ↑ The Speculum of Archbishop Thomas Secker; http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=46s3NpdeHLAC&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=Wickham+%22Thomas+Palmer%22&source=bl&ots=CETE_50U_l&sig=BzcAEA7uADQR8XMMEo5FucG8GS4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VwrIUpSBH4fwhQegxICYAw&ved=0CG8Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Wickham%20%22Thomas%20Palmer%22&f=false; Page 27
    18. ↑ Ickham, Wickhambreaux and Seaton Conservation Area Appraisal https://www.canterbury.gov.uk/media/215182/ickham-wick-seaton-consarea-appraisal-2011.pdf; Pages 19, 20 & 21
    19. ↑ Ickham, Wickhambreaux and Seaton Conservation Area Appraisal https://www.canterbury.gov.uk/media/215182/ickham-wick-seaton-consarea-appraisal-2011.pdf; Pages 19, 20 & 21
    20. ↑ Ickham, Wickhambreaux and Seaton Conservation Area Appraisal https://www.canterbury.gov.uk/media/215182/ickham-wick-seaton-consarea-appraisal-2011.pdf; Pages 19, 20 & 21
    21. ↑ Ickham, Wickhambreaux and Seaton Conservation Area Appraisal https://www.canterbury.gov.uk/media/215182/ickham-wick-seaton-consarea-appraisal-2011.pdf; Pages 19, 20 & 21
    22. ↑ Ickham, Wickhambreaux and Seaton Conservation Area Appraisal https://www.canterbury.gov.uk/media/215182/ickham-wick-seaton-consarea-appraisal-2011.pdf; Pages 19, 20 & 21
    23. ↑ Wickhambreaux Village Hall; http://wickhambreauxhall.co.uk/?About_Wickhambreaux%26nbsp%3B;
    24. ↑ Ickham, Wickhambreaux and Seaton Conservation Area Appraisal https://www.canterbury.gov.uk/media/215182/ickham-wick-seaton-consarea-appraisal-2011.pdf; Page 11
    25. ↑ http://cybergata.com/roots/2219.htm; http://www.archive.org/stream/publicationslinc27lincuoft/publicationslinc27lincuoft_djvu.txt;
    26. ↑ Antiquities of Shropshire, Volume 5; http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uEpNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA156&dq=%22de+Cundi%22+OR+%22de+Cundy%22+Kent&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uibAUvWdAsyzhAe4o4C4Cw&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=cundy&f=false
    27. ↑ Collins's peerage of England;: genealogical, biographical, and ..., Volume 6; http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9fsUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA513&lpg=PA513&dq=Walter+III+de+Clifford&source=bl&ots=dmjHh9IpzO&sig=wTrUKfpTmqszHpcpduD2MsAWvyY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_6bCUtC4AcqBhAf-z4HICw&ved=0CHIQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Walter%20III%20de%20Clifford&f=false; Page 513
    28. ↑ Annals and antiquities of Lacock abbey, by W.L. Bowles and J.G. Nichols; http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gb8HAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA165&lpg=PA165&dq=longspee+wickham&source=bl&ots=AeyZW-o0Bs&sig=zRBFEJY_uZTUVKyyLdJgjtPs4NI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZAnEUu-nH42rhQeZ3oH4Cw&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=longspee%20wickham&f=false; Page165
    29. ↑ Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, 2nd Edition; http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8JcbV309c5UC&pg=PA317&lpg=PA317&dq=%22Agnes+de+cundy%22+Kent&source=bl&ots=kupKJTHQ9a&sig=ZDh6WnP0hMfeVu4p1gz3EChCnPE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ThrAUqmpCsOShgeGuIGoCA&ved=0CF4Q6AEwCjgK#v=snippet&q=de%20brewes&f=false; Page 318
    30. ↑ Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, 2nd Edition; http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8JcbV309c5UC&pg=PA317&lpg=PA317&dq=%22Agnes+de+cundy%22+Kent&source=bl&ots=kupKJTHQ9a&sig=ZDh6WnP0hMfeVu4p1gz3EChCnPE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ThrAUqmpCsOShgeGuIGoCA&ved=0CF4Q6AEwCjgK#v=snippet&q=walter%20de%20clifford&f=false; Page 316
    31. ↑ http://www.teachergenealogist007.com/2011/04/g23-5910160.html
    32. ↑ Literae Cantuarienses: The Letter Books of the Monastery of Christ Church ... ;http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aiNvJX_gZhEC&pg=PR10&lpg=PR10&dq=court+Wickhambreux&source=bl&ots=bKUB-G8yiK&sig=bIBO40FZnEHLrQl17NL9Yacg_4c&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zBi_UrWuFsiShgfttID4CA&ved=0CHAQ6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q=Wykham&f=false; Pages 104-107
    33. ↑ http://www.laurenandtristan.net/4dec10update/p62.htm
    34. ↑ Villare Cantianum: Or, Kent Surveyed and Illustrated. Being an Exact ...; http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WXhbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA361&lpg=PA361&dq=%22Earl+of+Kent%22+Wickham&source=bl&ots=IMjuah2gXa&sig=nZq389BRP_a-BG--Nx0MvwzTps4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8su-UoXeEorxhQe-zIDYCQ&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=%22Earl%20of%20Kent%22%20Wickham&f=false; Page 362
    35. ↑ Published in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1509-1558, ed. S.T. Bindoff, 1982;http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member/browne-sir-anthony-1500-48;
    36. ↑ http://www.thepeerage.com/p18481.htm#i184806
    37. ↑ http://wwtn.history.qmul.ac.uk/ftrees/Browne.pdf
    38. ↑ Villare Cantianum: Or, Kent Surveyed and Illustrated; http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WXhbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA361&lpg=PA361&dq=%22Earl+of+Kent%22+Wickham&source=bl&ots=IMjuah2gXa&sig=nZq389BRP_a-BG--Nx0MvwzTps4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8su-UoXeEorxhQe-zIDYCQ&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=%22Earl%20of%20Kent%22%20Wickham&f=false; Page 362
    39. ↑ The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent: Volume 9 by Edward Hasted; http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63552&strquery=D'Aeth;
    40. ↑ Palmer baronets; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_baronets;
    41. ↑ The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1715-1754, ed. R. Sedgwick, 1970; http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/palmer-sir-thomas-1682-1723;
    42. ↑ Excursions in the county of Kent [by T.K. Cromwell]; http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tg0HAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA123&lpg=PA123&dq=%22No+actress+is+safe%22+Sir+Palmer&source=bl&ots=QU4yq8Lpoo&sig=PS2uBz1CEtMKTFVARBlcdp4XJYM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hq_CUszpEZOIhQeiwoHwBA&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22No%20actress%20is%20safe%22%20Sir%20Palmer&f=false; Page 123
    43. ↑ The parlour portfolio, or, Post-chase companion; http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xZsVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA254&lpg=PA254&dq=%22ELizabeth+Markham%22+actress&source=bl&ots=rXER8DmMjw&sig=XSUmd3vhRX65pF8-yPPezRlgjyo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-gLIUpmuMsyAhAfo2ICQBA&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=%22ELizabeth%20Markham%22%20actress&f=false; Page 253
    44. ↑ The Orphan in Eighteenth-Century Law and Literature: Estate Blood and Body By Cheryl L. Nixon; http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cKo2W3TLyDYC&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Dame+Elizabeth+Palmer%22&source=bl&ots=1v9T9R6ZvT&sig=z9JBhdd9SPLlb_EAFs2pCPabru4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=F5fCUo2oFM25hAeo4IHwAg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Dame%20Elizabeth%20Palmer%22&f=false; Page 161
    45. ↑ Published in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1754-1790, ed. L. Namier, J. Brooke., 1964; http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/hey-william-1733-97;
    46. ↑ http://www.archive.org/stream/chronicleswingh00hussgoog/chronicleswingh00hussgoog_djvu.txt
    47. ↑ KNOX'S HISTORICAL JOURNAL appendix; http://archive.org/stream/historicaljourna10knox/historicaljourna10knox_djvu.txt;
    48. ↑ Redcoats: The British Soldier and War in the Americas, 1755-1763; http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qEZfYRuZLJQC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=%22Captain+John+Cosnan%22&source=bl&ots=IXbca0iQ8Z&sig=UuGYXyhJIM6lYttbVuE3fxghMfQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=96rCUt6TEImihgfUxoCABA&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22Captain%20John%20Cosnan%22&f=false; Pages 21, 75, 76 & 77
    49. ↑ The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent: Volume 9 by Edward Hasted; http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63558;
    50. ↑ The Gentleman's Magazine, Volume 77, Part 2, Page1174; http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZHserz4LuVMC&pg=PA1174&lpg=PA1174&dq=%22Thomas+Hey%22+Wingham+relict&source=bl&ots=H1g_ENvVUM&sig=PYWVKPbXzwjYrhnZGQTPddC4Ot4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rObCUvrgK4GthQfmzYGAAw&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22Thomas%20Hey%22%20&f=false;
    51. ↑ http://cdn.bbcmagazinesbristol.com/bbcwhodoyouthinkyouare/bonus_content/issue_71/Rochester.pdf
    52. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D'Aeth_baronets
    53. ↑ The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent: Volume 9, Edward Hasted; http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63552&strquery=D'Aeth;
    54. ↑ Kelly's Directory of Kent (1903); http://forebears.co.uk/england/kent/wickhambreaux;

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