Westinghouse Broadcasting

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Westinghouse Broadcasting Company
(Group W)
Former type Public
Industry Radio and television broadcasting
Fate Merged into CBS
Successor(s) CBS Broadcasting, Inc.
Founded East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. (November 2, 1920 (1920-11-02), with the establishment of KDKA)
Defunct 1995 (1995)
Headquarters New York City, New York, United States
Area served United States
Parent Westinghouse Electric

The Westinghouse Broadcasting Company, also known as Group W, was the broadcasting division of Westinghouse Electric Corporation. It owned several radio and television stations across the United States and distributed television shows for syndication.

Westinghouse Broadcasting was formed in the 1920s as Westinghouse Radio Stations, Inc. It was renamed Westinghouse Broadcasting Company in 1954, and adopted the Group W moniker on May 20, 1963. It was a self-contained entity within the Westinghouse corporate structure; while the parent company was headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Westinghouse Broadcasting maintained headquarters in New York City. It kept national sales offices in Chicago and Los Angeles.

Group W stations are best known for using a distinctive corporate typeface, introduced in 1963, for their logos and on-air imaging. Similarly styled typefaces had been used on some non-Group W stations as well and several former Group W stations still use it today. The Group W corporate typeface is closely, but not accurately, mimicked in Ray Larabie's freeware font "Anklepants." The font is also used in the video game Damnation.

Westinghouse Broadcasting was also well known for two long-running television programs, the Mike Douglas Show and PM Magazine (called Evening Magazine in Group W's core broadcast markets).

History

Radio origins

The Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company entered broadcasting with the November 2, 1920 sign-on of KDKA radio in Pittsburgh. The oldest surviving licensed commercial radio station in the United States, KDKA was an outgrowth of experimental station 8XK, a 75-watt station that was located in the Pittsburgh suburb of Wilkinsburg, and founded in 1916 by Westinghouse assistant chief engineer Frank Conrad.

Westinghouse launched three more radio stations in 1921: WJZ, originally licensed to Newark, New Jersey, in September; WBZ, first located in Springfield, Massachusetts, in October; and KYW, originally based in Chicago, in November. WBZA in Boston, a station which shared WBZ's frequency and simulcasted WBZ's programming, signed on in November 1924.

Westinghouse was one of the founding owners of the Radio Corporation of America in 1919, and in 1926 RCA established the National Broadcasting Company, a group of 24 radio stations that made up the first radio network in the United States. Westinghouse initially owned a 20 percent stake in NBC, and as a result all of Westinghouse's stations became affiliates of NBC's Blue Network when it was launched on January 1, 1927. Most of the Blue Network's programming originated at WJZ, which in 1923 had its license moved to New York City, and its ownership transferred to RCA.

In 1931, Westinghouse switched the call letters of its two Massachusetts stations, with WBZA moving to Springfield and WBZ going to Boston. The two stations had suffered from interference problems, though the Boston facility was the more powerful of the two. In 1934, KYW was moved from Chicago to Philadelphia following a Federal Communications Commission-dictated frequency realignment.[1] Westinghouse's next station was its first purchase: WOWO in Fort Wayne, Indiana joined the group in August 1936.[2]

The North American Radio Broadcasting Agreement of 1941 saw all of Westinghouse's original stations move to their current dial positions. With WOWO's power increase to 50,000 watts later that year, the Westinghouse stations were now also clear-channel stations. A decade later, the FCC forbade common ownership of two or more clear channel stations with overlapping nighttime coverage, though the commission allowed Westinghouse to keep WBZ, KYW, KDKA and WOWO together under a grandfather clause.[citation needed] Among them, the four stations' nighttime signals blanketed almost all of the eastern half of North America. Despite the assignments which resulted from NARBA, WBZA became a 1,000-watt daytime-only operation as it continued to share a frequency with WBZ.

The Westinghouse group survived the government-dictated split of NBC's radio division in 1943. WBZ/WBZA, KDKA and KYW became affiliates of NBC's Red Network while WOWO, which had a secondary affiliation with the Blue Network, fell back on its primary relationship with CBS. Westinghouse expanded to the West Coast in 1944 with its purchase of 5,000-watt KEX in Portland, Oregon,[3] a station which also shared a frequency with WOWO. Westinghouse would increase KEX's power to 50,000 watts in 1948.[4]

Later in the 1940s, Westinghouse moved on to develop FM and television stations as the FCC began to issue permits for those services. Westinghouse built FM sister stations for WBZ/WBZA, KDKA, KYW, KEX and WOWO, all of which were on the air by the end of the decade. FM radio was, initially, an unsuccessful venture for Westinghouse, and the company would silence most of its FM stations during the 1950s. Of the early Westinghouse FMs, only the original KDKA-FM (now WLTJ) and the second WBZ-FM facility (now WMJX) proved to be worth keeping, and Westinghouse sold those outlets in the early 1980s.

Moving back to AM radio, Westinghouse returned to Chicago with its 1956 purchase of WIND.[5] In 1962 Westinghouse re-entered the New York market when it bought WINS, then a local Top-40 powerhouse.[6] Having reached the FCC's then-limit of seven AM stations, Westinghouse sold KEX to actor and singer Gene Autry,[7] and later decided to shut down WBZA and return its license to the FCC.[8] In 1966 Westinghouse agreed to buy another top-rated music station, KFWB in Los Angeles.[9]

On April 19, 1965 WINS dropped music and instituted a 24-hour, all-news format.[10] KYW went all-news six months later on September 12, three months after Westinghouse regained control of the station[11] (see The 1956 Trade with NBC, below). KFWB would adopt the format on March 11, 1968.[12] The three stations all prospered with their new formats, usually ranking among the five highest-rated stations in their markets. During the 1970s and 1980s WIND also tinkered with a part-time news format, though it had little success against the dominant all-news station in Chicago, CBS-owned WBBM.

Over the next quarter-century, Westinghouse would purchase several other radio stations, including KFBK in Sacramento, California; WNEW-FM in New York, KTWV in Los Angeles, and WMMR in Philadelphia.[13] WOWO was sold to other interests in 1982[14] and WIND was spun off in 1985,[15] two years before Group W bought WMAQ from NBC after that network announced it was closing its radio division.[16]

Expansion into television

Westinghouse entered television on June 9, 1948 with the sign-on of WBZ-TV in Boston; it is the only television station to have been built by the company.[17] Westinghouse's first station purchase was with WPTZ (now KYW-TV) in Philadelphia, in 1953.[18] KPIX in San Francisco was bought in 1954;[19] WDTV (now KDKA-TV) in Pittsburgh was added in 1955;[20][21] and WAAM (now WJZ-TV) in Baltimore was purchased in 1957.[22][23] Westinghouse's only other outright television station purchase was in Charlotte, North Carolina, where it purchased WRET-TV from Ted Turner in early 1980, and changed its call letters to WPCQ-TV.[24] Turner used the proceeds from the sale of the Charlotte station to help him launch CNN.

The company also purchased cable TV system operator TelePrompTer in 1981, which it renamed Group W Cable the following year. The TelePrompTer acquisition also brought animation producer Filmation into the Group W fold.[25] However, Westinghouse would leave the cable TV system business in 1986, and would later sell Filmation to L'Oréal in 1989.[26] During that period, Group W was known in full as Westinghouse Broadcasting and Cable, Inc.

The 1956 trade with NBC

In June 1955 Westinghouse announced that it would sell its Philadelphia stations, KYW radio and WPTZ, to NBC. In exchange Westinghouse received NBC's Cleveland stations, WTAM radio and WNBK television, along with $3 million in compensation.[27] After the deal was approved in February 1956, Westinghouse moved the KYW call letters to Cleveland, NBC renamed the Philadelphia stations WRCV (AM) and WRCV-TV,[28] and both companies also transferred much of their respective on-air personnel and management to their new cities. Most notably, both The Mike Douglas Show and the Eyewitness News format originated on KYW-TV during its tenure in Cleveland.

However, the ink had barely dried on FCC approval of the trade when the United States Department of Justice opened an investigation into the deal, on claims that NBC had employed extortion and coercion.[29] The Justice Department believed that NBC abused its power as a broadcast network in threatening to withhold or cancel affiliations with Westinghouse-owned stations–specifically, that NBC threatened to drop its programming from both WPTZ and Boston's WBZ-TV; to withhold a primary affiliation from newly acquired KDKA-TV in Pittsburgh (that station would sign with CBS as a primary affiliate); and withhold or pull an NBC affiliation from any other major-market station Westinghouse would purchase in the future–unless the latter company agreed to the network's terms and participate in the trade. Based on these findings, a civil antitrust suit was filed against NBC and its parent company RCA, on behalf of Westinghouse in December 1956.[30]

In August 1964, after a nearly eight-year-long investigation, the FCC ordered a reversal of the swap.[31] NBC appealed the ruling, extending the ordeal by another year, but to no avail. Westinghouse was also allowed to keep the cash compensation from the original deal. When Westinghouse regained control of the Philadelphia stations on June 19, 1965, it restored the KYW calls to the radio station and renamed the television station KYW-TV. And in a reversal of nine years prior, both NBC and Westinghouse relocated various personnel between both cities.[32]

Later years in television

Throughout its history as an operator of television stations, Westinghouse Broadcasting had relationships with all three major networks. KYW-TV, WBZ-TV, and WPCQ-TV were NBC affiliates, KPIX and KDKA-TV were aligned with CBS, and WJZ-TV was an ABC station. All of Group W's stations were located within the top thirty television markets.

Westinghouse's television stations were all known for their very deep connection to their home markets. They often pre-empted network programming in favor of local programs, and all of them carried programming produced by Group W, which was a major force in television syndication (see Syndication programs, below). However, for the most part the networks did not seem to mind. Most of them were among their networks' strongest performers. KDKA-TV and WJZ-TV dominated their markets, while WBZ-TV and KPIX were solid runners-up. The only exceptions were KYW-TV and WPCQ. KYW-TV had been one of Westinghouse's (and NBC's) crown jewels for many years, but faltered in the late 1970s and eventually became NBC's weakest major-market affiliate by the middle 1980s.

Westinghouse found no success in the Charlotte market, as WPCQ remained an also-ran during its Group W years. Despite the record purchase price, Group W ran the station on a shoestring budget. Under Group W, WPCQ had a minimal local news presence and a program schedule more typical of an independent station, with a large number of cartoons and second-hand syndicated programming. WPCQ was also a UHF network affiliate competing against two long-established network stations on VHF. It also had to deal with three longer-established NBC affiliates, on VHF channels from nearby cities, that were also available over-the-air in large parts of the Charlotte market. Westinghouse was able to escape Charlotte when it sold WPCQ (now WCNC-TV) to Odyssey Television Partners (later to become Renaissance Broadcasting) in 1985.[33]

Merger with CBS

Main article: 1994 United States broadcast TV realignment

Within a year-long span during 1994-95, a series of surprising events occurred which not only changed the look of the television industry, but also ended Westinghouse's uniqueness among television station operators.

In 1994, the Fox Broadcasting Company agreed to a multi-year, multi-station affiliation deal with New World Communications, resulting in most of New World's stations switching to Fox. Among these stations were longtime CBS affiliates WJBK-TV in Detroit and WJW-TV in Cleveland.[34] To avoid being consigned to the UHF band in two major markets, CBS pursued ABC affiliates WXYZ-TV in Detroit and WEWS in Cleveland. Both stations were owned by the E. W. Scripps Company, who used this leverage to strike a similar affiliation deal of its own with ABC. Unwilling to risk losing two of its strongest and longest-standing affiliates, ABC agreed to 10-year affiliation contracts with WEWS, WXYZ and four other Scripps stations. One of them was Baltimore's then-NBC affiliate, WMAR-TV, which would displace that city's longtime ABC affiliate, Group W-owned WJZ-TV.[35]

This development did not sit well with Westinghouse. At the time, WJZ-TV had been affiliated with ABC for 47 years, longer than any station that wasn't owned by the network. Westinghouse sought an affiliation deal of its own, and after several months of negotiations with the other networks, Westinghouse agreed to affiliate its entire television unit with CBS.[36] Under the terms of the deal, all five Group W stations would carry the entire CBS schedule with no pre-emptions except for local news emergencies (as noted above, prior to this, Group W stations were known for pre-empting selected programming of their affiliated networks with Group W-mandated content).

The deal resulted in a three-way transaction between Group W, CBS and NBC, which unfolded between the summer of 1994 and the summer of 1995. The terms were as follows:

  • In September 1994, KPIX and KDKA-TV ended their long-standing policies of pre-empting some CBS shows, and began carrying the entire CBS schedule with no pre-emptions. (KPIX however at the time aired CBS prime time programming an hour earlier than normal, a practice that continued until 1998.)
  • On January 2, 1995, WJZ-TV and WBZ-TV switched from ABC and NBC, respectively, to CBS.
  • On September 10, 1995, KYW-TV switched from NBC to CBS.
  • Also on September 10, CBS traded its previous Philadelphia station, WCAU-TV, to NBC in return for KCNC-TV in Denver and KUTV in Salt Lake City. CBS then traded controlling interest in KCNC and KUTV to Westinghouse in return for a minority stake in KYW-TV. (KCNC's station history page erroneously implies that this trade was between NBC and Westinghouse.)
  • Furthermore, on the same date, CBS-owned WCIX in Miami swapped channel locations with NBC-owned WTVJ. CBS and NBC traded their Miami broadcasting facilities to compensate each other for the loss of stations. WCIX changed its call letters to WFOR-TV.
  • Westinghouse and CBS formed a joint venture that assumed ownership of KYW-TV, KCNC, KUTV and WFOR, with Westinghouse as majority owner.[37] Giving Group W control of the venture allowed CBS to have some interest in its affiliates and avoid violating FCC rules at the time that forbade groups from owning TV stations that covered more than 25% of the country (CBS O&O's reached 21.8% prior to the purchase, and Group W reached 9.7%.)[38]

A short time later, Westinghouse announced it was buying CBS proper, a transaction which closed in late 1995.[39] As a condition of the merger, both CBS and Group W were forced to sell off several radio stations due to the FCC's then-current ownership limits. CBS also had to sell recently acquired WPRI-TV in Providence, Rhode Island[40] due to a significant signal overlap with WBZ-TV. At the time, the FCC normally did not allow common ownership of stations with overlapping signals.

Epilogue

Following the completion of the CBS takeover, the former Westinghouse Broadcasting operations took on the CBS name and identity, though the Group W name survived until the end of the 1990s as a holding company within the merged entity's structure. The Westinghouse-CBS merger resulted in several longtime rivals on the radio dials of New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago and Philadelphia becoming sister stations. Excluding WMAQ (shut down in 2000 to allow all-sports WSCR to move to its old dial position) and KFWB (placed in a holding trust as a consequence of CBS's purchase of KCAL-TV), all of the former Group W radio stations are part of CBS Radio.

From that point forward, however, Westinghouse proceeded to transform itself from its legendary role as a diversified conglomerate with a strong industrial heritage into a media giant. Over the next year, it sold off almost all of its nonbroadcast properties. In 1997, Westinghouse changed its name to CBS Corporation and moved its headquarters to New York. In 1998, the company created a new licensing subsidiary under the Westinghouse Electric Corporation name. In this sense, the Westinghouse-CBS merger turned out to be a "wag the dog" transaction.

After selling off its nuclear assets to BNFL in 1999, CBS Corporation was merged into Viacom a year later, thus shutting down the Original Westinghouse for good. Viacom, however, changed its name to CBS Corporation in 2005 and spun off most of its cable and movie interests as a new Viacom. With a few exceptions, the current CBS Corporation holds the same properties that the old CBS Corporation held prior to the Viacom merger, including the new Westinghouse. National Amusements retains majority control of both CBS Corporation and Viacom.

A few of the former Westinghouse radio stations still use the former Group W font today (e.g. KDKA, KYW, and WINS). WOWO, now owned by Pathfinder Communications Corporation, and two television stations, WJZ-TV and KPIX, continue to use this font as well. The other stations discontinued using the typeface early in the 21st century.

Former Westinghouse-owned stations

Stations are arranged in alphabetical order by state and city of license.

Note: Two boldface asterisks appearing following a station's call letters (**) indicate a station that was built and signed-on by Westinghouse.

Television stations

City of license / Market Station Channel TV (RF) Years Owned Current Ownership Status
San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose KPIX 5 (29) 1954–1995 CBS owned-and-operated (O&O)
Baltimore WJZ-TV 13 (13) 1957–1995 CBS owned-and-operated (O&O)
Boston WBZ-TV ** 4 (30) 1948–1995 CBS owned-and-operated (O&O)
Charlotte WPCQ-TV 36 (22) 1980–1985 NBC affiliate, WCNC-TV, owned by Gannett Company
Cleveland KYW-TV 3 (17) 1956–1965 NBC affiliate, WKYC, owned by Gannett Company
Philadelphia WPTZ/KYW-TV 3 (26) 1953–1956
1965–1995		 CBS owned-and-operated (O&O)
Pittsburgh KDKA-TV 2 (25) 1955–1995 CBS owned-and-operated (O&O)
This list does not include KCNC-TV in Denver, WFOR-TV in Miami, and KUTV in Salt Lake City. These stations were taken over by Group W in the interim period before the completion of CBS's acquisition by Westinghouse.

Radio Stations

(a partial listing)

AM Stations FM Stations
City of License/Market Station Years owned Current ownership
Los Angeles KFWB–980 1966–1995 Clark Radio LLC
KTWV–94.7 1989–1995 CBS Radio
San Francisco - Oakland KPIX–1550
(now KZDG)		 1994–1995 CBS Radio
KPIX-FM–95.7
(now KGMZ)		 1994–1995 Entercom Communications
Sacramento KFBK–1530 1986–1994 Clear Channel Communications
KAER/KGBY–92.5
(now KHLX)		 1986–1994 Clear Channel Communications
Washington, D.C.
(Northern Virginia)		 WCPT–730
(now WTNT)		 1989–1993 Red Zebra Broadcasting
WCXR-FM–105.9
(now WMAL-FM)		 1989–1993 Cumulus Media
Chicago KYW **
(pre-NARBA)		 1921–1934 defunct, moved to Philadelphia in 1934
WIND–560 1 1956–1985 Salem Communications
WMAQ–670
(now WSCR)		 1988–1995 CBS Radio
Fort Wayne, Indiana WOWO–1190 1936–1982 Federated Media
(controlled by Pathfinder Communications Corporation)
WGL–1250 1936–1944 Summit City Radio Group
Lafayette, Indiana WAZY–1180
(now WSHY at 1410 AM)		 1955–1956 Artistic Media Partners
WAZY-FM–96.5 1955–1956 Artistic Media Partners
Boston WBZA/WBZ–1030 ** 1924–1995 CBS Radio
WBZ-FM–100.7 ** 1946–1948 changed frequencies
frequency now used by WZLX
WBZ-FM–92.9 1948–1954 defunct, went silent in 1954
frequency now used by WBOS
WBZ-FM–106.7 **
(now WMJX)		 1957–1981 Greater Media
Springfield, Massachusetts WBZ/WBZA–1030 ** 1921–1962 defunct, went silent in 1962
WBZA-FM–97.1 ** 1946–1954 defunct, went silent in 1954
Detroit WLLZ-FM–98.7
(now WDZH)		 1989–1995 CBS Radio
Hastings, Nebraska KFKX
(pre-NARBA)		 1923–1928 defunct, moved to Chicago and merged with KYW
Newark, New Jersey WJZ **
(now WABC)
(pre-NARBA)		 1921–1923 Cumulus Media
New York City WINS–1010 1962–1995 CBS Radio
WNEW-FM–102.7
(now WWFS)		 1989–1995 CBS Radio
Cleveland KDPM
(pre-NARBA)		 1923–1926 defunct, license discontinued circa February 1926
KYW–1100
(now WTAM)		 1956–1965 Clear Channel Communications
KYW-FM–105.7
(now WMJI)		 1956–1965 Clear Channel Communications
Portland, Oregon KEX–1190 1944–1962 Clear Channel Communications
KEX-FM–92.3 ** 1948–1961 defunct, went silent in 1962
frequency now used by KGON
Philadelphia KYW–1060 1934–1956
1965–1995		 CBS Radio
KYW-FM–100.3 ** 1946–1948 changed frequencies
frequency now used by WRNB
KYW-FM–92.5 1948–1955 defunct, went silent in 1955
frequency now used by WXTU
WMMR–93.3 1989–1995 Greater Media
Pittsburgh KDKA–1020 ** 1920–1995 CBS Radio
KDKA-FM–92.9 **
(now WLTJ)		 1946–1984 Steel City Media
Houston KODA–99.1 1979–1989 Clear Channel Communications
KILT–610 1989–1995 CBS Radio
KILT-FM–100.3 1989–1995 CBS Radio
KIKK–650 1993–1995 CBS Radio
KIKK-FM–95.7
(now KKHH-FM)		 1993–1995 CBS Radio

Note:
1: Westinghouse Broadcasting also acquired a construction permit for WIND-TV (channel 20) in Chicago along with its purchase of WIND radio in 1956, but that station never signed on. The license was later donated to the Chicago Educational Television Association, which operated channel 20 as noncommercial educational WXXW from 1965 to 1974. The channel 20 allocation has been occupied since 1983 by WYCC, an educational station operated by the City Colleges of Chicago.

Syndicated programs

Some of their best-known programs were syndicated and seen in primetime and early/late fringe through its syndication division, Group W Productions, which was originally known as WBC Productions until 1968. In the 1990s, it also went under the name of Westinghouse Productions. Many of these programs were also sold internationally (under the name of Westinghouse Broadcasting International).

Late night talk/variety shows

Daytime shows

Group W also syndicated and franchised the program PM Magazine (alternatively titled Evening Magazine on stations owned and operated by Westinghouse Broadcasting) to local stations.

Made-for-TV movies

Children's/animated series

First-run syndicated shows

After the merger with CBS in 1996, Group W Productions was renamed Eyemark Entertainment, with CBS Broadcast International acquiring the overseas rights to the Group W backlog. Eyemark was in turn folded into King World Productions following the latter company's acquisition by CBS in 2000. King World gained control of most of the Group W and Eyemark libraries from 2000 to 2005. These libraries are now controlled by CBS Television Distribution. The Filmation library is now the property of Classic Media (which now owned by DreamWorks Animation and previously part of Boomerang Media) and the 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles series is now owned by Viacom with Lionsgate Home Entertainment owning DVD rights. Couch Pototoes is co-owned by Disney-ABC Domestic Television and CBS.

Cable networks

References

  1. ↑ "KYW to transfer operations Dec. 3." Broadcasting, November 1, 1934, pg. 8.
  2. ↑ "Westinghouse buys Ft. Wayne stations." Broadcasting & Cable, February 1, 1936, pg. 19.
  3. ↑ Taishoff, Sol. "'Bulletin' buys WPEN, Cowles in N.Y." Broadcasting - Broadcast Advertising, May 22, 1944, pp. 7, 54.
  4. ↑ "Increase to 50 kw celebrated by KEX." Broadcasting - Telecasting, April 12, 1948, pg. 36.
  5. ↑ "WIND sold for record $5.3 million." Broadcasting - Telecasting, September 3, 1956, pp. 27-28.
  6. ↑ "Westinghouse buying WINS." Broadcasting, May 7, 1962, pg. 72.
  7. ↑ "Changing hands." Broadcasting, May 21, 1962, pg. 64.
  8. ↑ "WBZA is no more." Broadcasting, August 6, 1962, pg. 46.
  9. ↑ "Westinghouse buy nears record." Broadcasting, January 31, 1966, pg. 40.
  10. ↑ "The toughest test of all-news format." Broadcasting, April 19, 1965, pg. 76.
  11. ↑ "WBC turning KYW into all-news plant." Broadcasting, June 21, 1965, pg. 9.
  12. ↑ "Dry run precedes KFWB's switch to all news." Broadcasting, March 11, 1968, pg. 66.
  13. ↑ "Record breaking radio deal in motion." Broadcasting, April 24, 1989, pp. 28-29.
  14. ↑ "In brief." Broadcasting, June 28, 1982, pg. 96.
  15. ↑ "Changing hands." Broadcasting, September 16, 1985, pg. 85.
  16. ↑ "In brief." Broadcasting, November 30, 1987, pg. 136.
  17. ↑ "WBZ-TV formally opened in Boston." Broadcasting - Telecasting, June 14, 1948, pg. 27.
  18. ↑ "Westinghouse buys WPTZ (TV) for record $8.5 million." Broadcasting - Telecasting, February 23, 1953, pg. 27.
  19. ↑ "Six stations being sold for nearly $15 million." Broadcasting - Telecasting, March 8, 1954, pp. 27-28.
  20. ↑ "Westinghouse pays record to buy DuMont's WDTV (TV)." Broadcasting - Telecasting, December 6, 1954, pp. 27-28.
  21. ↑ "WDTV (TV) Pittsburgh changes call to KDKA-TV." Broadcasting - Telecasting, January 31, 1955, pg. 73.
  22. ↑ "WBC'S WAAM (TV) buy: $4.4 million." Broadcasting, May 13, 1957, pg. 112.
  23. ↑ "WAAM (TV) becomes WJZ-TV as FCC waives call rule." Broadcasting, August 5, 1957, pg. 92.
  24. ↑ "Westinghouse pays record $20 million for U." Broadcasting, May 21, 1979, pp. 34-35.
  25. ↑ "The biggest deal yet." Broadcasting, October 20, 1980, pp. 19-20.
  26. ↑ "Group W sells Filmation." Broadcasting, February 13, 1989, pg. 94.
  27. ↑ "NBC, WBC trade properties in Cleveland, Philadelphia." Broadcasting, May 23, 1955, pp. 65-66, 68.
  28. ↑ "NBC, WBC outlets change calls today." Broadcasting, February 13, 1956, pg. 98.
  29. ↑ "NBC-Westinghouse swap approved; FCC stirs Justice Dept. interest." Broadcasting, January 2, 1956, pg. 58.
  30. ↑ "Justice Dept. hauls NBC into court." Broadcasting - Telecasting, December 10, 1956, pp. 27-32.
  31. ↑ "Philadelphia circle is complete," and "Nine-year history of that trade in Philadelphia." Broadcasting, August 3, 1964, pp. 23-25.
  32. ↑ "The great swap takes place June 19; Westinghouse, NBC return to original properties." Broadcasting, June 14, 1965, pg. 83.
  33. ↑ "Changing Hands." Broadcasting, April 9, 1984, pg. 9.
  34. ↑ Foisie, Geoffrey. "Fox and the New World order." Broadcasting and Cable, May 30, 1994, pp. 6, 8. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  35. ↑ Foisie, Geoffrey (June 20, 1994). "ABC pre-empts CBS in Cleveland, Detroit.". Broadcasting and Cable. Retrieved February 13, 2013. 
  36. ↑ Zier, Julie A. (July 18, 1994). "CBS, Group W form historic alliance.". Broadcasting and Cable. Retrieved February 13, 2013. 
  37. ↑ Jicha, Tom (November 22, 1994). "CBS, NBC changing channels.". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved February 13, 2013. 
  38. ↑ THE MEDIA BUSINESS; CBS to Add Three Affiliates In Deal With Westinghouse - New York Times. Nytimes.com (1994-07-15). Retrieved on 2013-08-18.
  39. ↑ Kandell, Johnathan (16 November 2012). "Obituary: Laurence A. Tisch, Investor Known for Saving CBS Inc. From Takeover, Dies at 80". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 July 2012. 
  40. ↑ "CBS buys Providence V." Broadcasting and Cable, March 6, 1995, pg. 10.
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