Warsaw Pact

Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance
Military alliance
1955–1991 →
Emblem
Motto Союз мира и социализма  (Russian) "Union of peace and socialism"
Member states of the Warsaw Pact: Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany² Hungary Poland Romania Soviet Union Albania
Capital		Not specified
Languages		Russian, Polish, German, Bulgarian, Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Romanian, Albanian
Political structure		Military alliance
Supreme Commander
-	1955–60 (first)	Ivan Kornev
-	1989–91 (last)	Petr Lushev
Head of Unified Staff
-	1955–62 (first)	Aleksei Antonov
-	1989–90 (last)	Vladimir Lobov
Historical era		Cold War
-	Established	14 May 1955
-	Hungarian crisis	4 November 1956
-	Czechoslovakian crisis	21 August 1968
-	End of Communism in Poland (1989)	13 September 1989/22 December 1990
-	German reunification²	3 October 1990
-	Disestablished	1 July 1991
¹ Command and Control HQ in Warsaw, Poland. Military HQ in Moscow, USSR. ² A 24 September 1990 treaty withdrew the German Democratic Republic from the Warsaw Treaty; at reunification, it became integral to the NATO Pact.

Warsaw Pact
Soviet Socialist Republics Armenian SSR Azerbaijan SSR Byelorussian SSR Estonian SSR Georgian SSR Kazakh SSR Kirghiz SSR Latvian SSR Lithuanian SSR Moldavian SSR Russian SFSR Tajik SSR Turkmen SSR Ukrainian SSR Uzbek SSR
Allied states People's Republic of Hungary People's Republic of Poland Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People's Republic of Albania (to 1961) People's Republic of Bulgaria
Related organisations Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY)
Dissent and opposition Forest Brothers in Lithuania in Latvia in Estonia Operation "Jungle" Ukrainian Insurgent Army Goryani movement (Bulgaria) Romanian anti-communism 1953 uprisings in Plzeň in East Germany 1956 protests in Georgia in Poznań Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Novocherkassk massacre (Russia) 1968 events Prague Spring Invasion of Czechoslovakia Red Square demonstration Charter 77 (Czechoslovakia) Solidarity (Poland) Jeltoqsan (Kazakhstan) Braşov Rebellion (Romania) April 9 tragedy (Georgia) Black January (Azerbaijan)
Cold War events Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup Tito–Stalin split Berlin Blockade 1961 Berlin Wall crisis 1980 Moscow Olympics
Decline Singing Revolution Polish Round Table Agreement Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall January 1991 in Lithuania in Latvia Breakup of Yugoslavia End of the Soviet Union Fall of communism in Albania Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
v t e

The Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance,^[1] more commonly referred to as the Warsaw Pact, was a mutual defense treaty between eight communist States of Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The founding treaty was established under the initiative of the Soviet Union and signed on 14 May 1955, in Warsaw. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the communist States of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was in part a Soviet military reaction to the integration of West Germany^[2] into NATO in 1955, per the Paris Pacts of 1954 ^[3][4][5] but was primarily motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe^[6] which in turn (according to The Warsaw Pact's preamble) to maintain peace in Europe, guided by the objective points and principles of the Charter of the United Nations (1945).^[7]

Nomenclature

In the Western Bloc, the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance is often called the Warsaw Pact military alliance; abbreviated WAPA, Warpac, and WP. Elsewhere, in the former member states, the Warsaw Treaty is known as:

• Albanian: Pakti i miqësisë, bashkëpunimit dhe i ndihmës së përbashkët
• Bulgarian: Договор за дружба, сътрудничество и взаимопомощ
  • Romanized Bulgarian: Dogovor za druzhba, satrudnichestvo i vzaimopomosht
• Czech: Smlouva o přátelství, spolupráci a vzájemné pomoci
• Slovak: Zmluva o priateľstve, spolupráci a vzájomnej pomoci
• German: Vertrag über Freundschaft, Zusammenarbeit und gegenseitigen Beistand
• Hungarian: Barátsági, együttműködési és kölcsönös segítségnyújtási szerződés
• Polish: Układ o Przyjaźni, Współpracy i Pomocy Wzajemnej
• Romanian: Tratatul de prietenie, cooperare şi asistenţă mutuală
• Russian: Договор о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимной помощи
  • Romanized Russian: Dogovor o druzhbe, sotrudnichestve i vzaimnoy pomoshchi

Structure

The Warsaw Treaty’s organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the head of the Warsaw Treaty Combined Staff also was a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces.^[8]

Strategy

The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the global socialist movement. A corollary to this idea was the necessity of intervention if a country appeared to be violating core socialist ideas and Communist Party functions, which was explicitly stated in the Brezhnev Doctrine.^[9] Geostrategic principles also drove the Soviet Union to prevent invasion of its territory by Western European powers, which had occurred most recently by Nazi Germany in 1941. The invasion launched by Hitler had been exceptionally brutal and the USSR emerged from the Second World War in 1945 with the greatest total casualties of any participant in the war, suffering an estimated 27 million killed along with the destruction of much of the nation's industrial capacity.

History

Beginnings

In March 1954, the USSR, fearing "the restoration of German Militarism" in West Germany, requested to join NATO.^[10][11][12] By then, laws had already passed in West Germany ending denazification ^[13][14] and the Gehlen Organization, predecessor of the West German Federal Intelligence Service, was fully operative and employing hundreds of ex-Nazis.^[15]

The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January–February 1954. Molotov made different proposals to have Germany reunified^[16] and elections for a pan-German government,^[17] under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers armies and German neutrality,^[18] but all were refused by the other foreign ministers, Dulles (USA), Eden (UK) and Bidault (France).^[19] Consequently, Molotov "seeking to prevent the formation of groups of European States directed against other European States"^[20] made a proposal for a general European treaty on collective security in Europe "open to all European States without regard as to their social systems"^[20] which would have included the unified Germany (thus making EDC—perceived by USSR as a threat to its own security—unusable). But again, Eden, Dulles, and Bidault opposed the proposal.^[21]

One month later, the Soviets, seeing that the proposed European Treaty was perceived as "unacceptable in its present form because it excludes the USA from participation in the collective security system in Europe", decided to make a new proposal including the participation of the US in the agreement.^[22] Furthermore, considering that another argument deployed against the Soviet proposal was that it was perceived as "directed against the North Atlantic Pact and its liquidation",^[22][23] the Soviets decided to declare their "readiness to examine jointly with other interested parties the question of the participation of the USSR in the North Atlantic bloc", specifying that "the admittance of the USA into the General European Agreement should not be conditional on the three western powers agreeing to the USSR joining the North Atlantic Pact".^[22]

Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after.^[12][24][25] German re-unification proposals were not new: Earlier in 1952, talks about a German reunification ended after the United Kingdom, France, and the United States insisted that a unified Germany should not be neutral and should be free to join the EDC and rearm.

On April 1954 Adenauer made his first travel to USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have become a part of NATO.^[26]

Memories of the Nazi occupation were still strong, and the rearmament of Germany was feared by France too.^[27] On 30 August 1954 French Parliament rejected the EDC, thus decreeting its failure^[28] and blocking a major objective of US policy towards Europe: to associate militarily Germany with the West.^[29] The US Department of State started to elaborate alternatives: Germany would be invited to accede NATO or, in case of French obstructionism, strategies to circumvent a French veto would be implemented in order to obtain a German rearmament outside NATO.^[30]

On 23 October 1954 – only nine years after Allies (UK, USA and USSR) defeated Nazi Germany ending World War II in Europe - the Federal Republic of Germany was finally admitted to the North Atlantic Pact. The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as "a decisive turning point in the history of our continent" by Halvard Lange, Foreign Affairs Minister of Norway at the time.^[31]

On 14 May 1955, the USSR and other seven European countries established the Warsaw Pact in response to the integration of the Federal Republic of Germany into NATO, declaring that: "a remilitarized Western Germany and the integration of the latter in the North-Atlantic bloc [...] increase the danger of another war and constitutes a threat to the national security of the peaceable states; [...] in these circumstances the peaceable European states must take the necessary measures to safeguard their security".^[32]

During Cold War

The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defense of any member who would be attacked. Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. However, almost all governments of those members states were directly controlled by the Soviet Union.

The founding signatories to the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance consisted of the following communist governments:

• People's Republic of Albania (withheld support in 1961 because of the Sino–Soviet split, formally withdrew in 1968)
• People's Republic of Bulgaria
• Czechoslovak Republic (Czechoslovak Socialist Republic since 1960)
• German Democratic Republic (withdrew in September 1990, before German reunification)
• People's Republic of Hungary
• People's Republic of Poland (withdrew on January 1, 1990)
• People's Republic of Romania
• Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Treaty never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage.

In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nation-wide revolt, leading to death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens.

The multi-national Communist armed forces’ sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion.

End of the Cold War

Beginning at the Cold War’s conclusion, in late 1989, popular civil and political public discontent forced the Communist governments of the Warsaw Treaty countries from power – independent national politics made feasible with the perestroika- and glasnost-induced institutional collapse of Communist government in the USSR.^[33] Eventually, the populaces of Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Albania, East Germany, Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria deposed their Communist governments in the period from 1989–91.

On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from Pact countries meeting in Hungary.^[34] On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. The treaty was de facto disbanded in December 1989 during the violent revolution in Romania that toppled the communist government there. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991.

Central and Eastern Europe after the Warsaw Treaty

On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Croatia and Albania joined on 1 April 2009.

Russia and some other post-USSR states joined in the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO).

In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine – a short, swift attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s – which is why the People’s Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.^{[citation needed]}

Gallery

<gallery style=widths="150px" heights="120px" perrow="4"> Image:Знак Варшавского договора.JPG|Badge Warsaw Pact. Union of peace and socialism Image:Знак Варшавского договра ЮГ.JPG|Badge Warsaw Pact. Brothers in arms (1970) Image:Знак Варшавского договора 1972.JPG|Badge A participant in joint exercises of Warsaw Pact "STIT" (1972) Image:Значок Варшавского договора, 25 лет.JPG|Badge 25 years Warsaw Pact (1980) Image:Значок ВВС Варшавского договора.JPG|AIR FORCE air forces Warsaw Pact Image:Значок Варшавского договора ЩИТ-82.JPG|Badge Warsaw Pact. The participants of the joint exercises in Bulgaria (1982) Image:Знак 30 лет Варшавского договора.JPG|Jubilee badge 30 years of the Warsaw Pact (1985) </gallery>

Notes

Further reading

• Havel, Václav (2007). To the Castle and Back. Trans. Paul Wilson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-26641-5. 
• Heuser, Beatrice (1998). "Victory in a Nuclear War? A Comparison of NATO and WTO War Aims and Strategies". Contemporary European History 7 (3): 311–327. doi:10.1017/S0960777300004264. 
• Mark N. Kramer, 'Civil-military relations in the Warsaw Pact,' The East European component,' International Affairs, Vol. 61, No. 1, Winter 1984-85.
• Lewis, William Julian (1982). The Warsaw Pact: Arms, Doctrine, and Strategy. Cambridge, Mass.: Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis. ISBN 978-0-07-031746-8. 
• Mastny, Vojtech; Byrne, Malcolm (2005). A Cardboard Castle ?: An Inside History of the Warsaw Pact, 1955–1991. Budapest: Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-7326-07-3.  Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
• Umbach, Frank (2005). Das rote Bündnis: Entwicklung und Zerfall des Warschauer Paktes 1955 bis 1991 (in German). Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86153-362-7. 
• Wahl, Alfred (2007). La seconda vita del nazismo nella Germania del dopoguerra (in Italian). Torino: Lindau. ISBN 978-8-87180-662-4.  - Original Ed.: Wahl, Alfred (2006). La seconde histoire du nazisme dans l'Allemagne fédérale depuis 1945. (in French). Paris: Armand Colin. ISBN 2-200-26844-0. 
• Adenauer, Konrad (1966a). Memorie 1945-1953 (in Italian). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore.  - English Ed.: Adenauer, Konrad (1966b). Konrad Adenauer Memoirs 1945-53. Henry Regnery Company. 
• Molotov, Vyacheslav (1954a). La conferenza di Berlino (in Italian). Ed. di cultura sociale.  - English Ed.: Molotov, Vyacheslav (1954b). Statements at Berlin Conference of Foreign Ministers of U.S.S.R., France, Great Britain and U.S.A., January 25-February 18, 1954. Foreign Languages Publishing House. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Warsaw Pact.

• The Woodrow Wilson Center Cold War International History Project's Warsaw Pact Document Collection
• Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security
• Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Soviet Union / Appendix C: The Warsaw Pact (1989)
•  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress Country Studies.

v t e Cold War Participants and notable figures ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact 1940s Yalta Conference Operation Unthinkable Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito–Stalin split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War (Second round) 1950s Bamboo Curtain Korean War 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit (1955) Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Bandung Conference Bricker Amendment McCarthyism Operation Gladio Iraqi July Revolution Hallstein Doctrine 1960s Congo Crisis Sino-Soviet split 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War (Angolan War of Independence Guinea-Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence) Cuban missile crisis Iraqi Ramadan Revolution 1963 Syrian coup d'état November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état[citation needed] Vietnam War 1964 Brazilian coup d'état United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–66) South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967–74 USS Pueblo incident Six-Day War War of Attrition Cultural Revolution Sino-Indian War Prague Spring Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino-Soviet border conflict Communist insurgency in the Philippines Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan 1970 Syrian Corrective Revolution Cambodian Civil War Realpolitik Ping-pong diplomacy Corrective Revolution (Egypt) Four Power Agreement on Berlin 1972 Nixon visit to China 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War Carnation Revolution Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino-Albanian split Cambodian–Vietnamese War Sino-Vietnamese War Iranian Revolution Operation Condor Dirty War Bangladesh Liberation War Korean Air Lines Flight 902 1980s Soviet war in Afghanistan 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Able Archer 83 Star Wars Invasion of Grenada People Power Revolution Nagorno-Karabakh War Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Revolutions of 1989 Glasnost Perestroika 1990s Democratic Revolution in Mongolia Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China Korea Nagorno-Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply-side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism–Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Stalinism Titoism Liberal democracy Social democracy Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB Safari Club MI6 Stasi Propaganda Active measures Izvestia Pravda Crusade for Freedom Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Brinkmanship NATO–Russia relations Soviet and Russian espionage in U.S. Soviet Union–United States relations US–Soviet summits Category Portal Timeline List of conflicts

v t e Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their Communist period Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Yugoslavia Soviet Russia / Soviet Union: 1917–1927 1927–1953 1953–1964 1964–1982 1982–1991 Eastern Bloc Comecon Warsaw Pact

v t e Eastern Bloc Soviet Union Communism Formation Secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact protocol Soviet invasion of Poland Soviet occupations Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Baltic states Hungary Romania Yalta Conference Annexed as, or into, SSRs Eastern Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Memel East Prussia West Belarus Western Ukraine Moldavia Satellite states People's Republic of Hungary People's Republic of Poland Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Romanian People's Republic/Socialist Republic of Romania East Germany People's Republic of Albania (to 1961) People's Republic of Bulgaria Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (to 1948) Annexing SSRs Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR Organizations Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY) Revolts and opposition Welles Declaration Goryani Movement Forest Brothers Ukrainian Insurgent Army Operation Jungle Baltic state continuity Baltic Legations (1940–1991) Cursed soldiers Rebellion of Cazin 1950 1953 uprising in Plzeň 1953 East German uprising 1956 Georgian demonstrations 1956 Poznań protests 1956 Hungarian Revolution Novocherkassk massacre 1965 Yerevan demonstrations Prague Spring / Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Brezhnev Doctrine 1968 Red Square demonstration Belgrade 1968 students' demonstrations 1968 Kosovo protests 1970 Polish protests Croatian Spring 1972 unrest in Lithuania SSR June 1976 protests Solidarity / Soviet reaction / Martial law 1981 Kosovo protests Reagan Doctrine Jeltoqsan Karabakh movement April 9 tragedy Romanian Revolution Black January Cold War events Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade Tito–Stalin split 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Conditions Emigration and defection (list of defectors) Sovietization of the Baltic states Information dissemination Politics Economies Telephone tapping Decline Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Fall of communism in Albania Singing Revolution Collapse of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events in Latvia

v t e Treaties of Hungary 9–10th century (age of Magyars) Legend of the white horse (894) Magyar–East Frankish Treaty (899) First Magyar–Italian Treaty (900) Treaty of Bergamo (904) Third Magyar–Italian Treaty (924) Magyar–Holy Roman Treaty (927) First Magyar–Byzantine Treaty (934) Second Magyar–Byzantine Treaty (943) Third Magyar–Byzantine Treaty (948) 1000–1301 (Árpád dynasty) Treaty of Strigonium (1031) First Hungarian–Holy Roman Treaty (1043) Second Hungarian–Holy Roman Treaty (1058) Second Hungarian–Holy Roman Treaty (1058) Treaty of Serdica (1058) Hungarian–Byzantine Treaty (1971) Hungarian–Byzantine Treaty (1971) Hungarian–Kievan Rus' Treaty (1092) Hungarian–Venetian Treaty (1097) Personal union of Hungary and Croatia (1102) Third Hungarian–Holy Roman Treaty (1108) Hungarian–Czech Treaty (1126) Hungarian–Bavarian Treaty (1127) Treaty of Branitshevo (1129) Hungarian–Byzantine Treaties (1153–1167) First Hungarian–Venetian Truce (1187) Second Hungarian–Venetian Truce (1190) Hungarian–Polish Treaty (1193) Hungarian–Novgorodian Treaty (1219–1221) Treaty of Graz (1225) Hungarian–Austrian Treaty (1235) Treaty of Galas (1244) Treaty of Buda (1254) Treaty of Vienna (1261) Treaty of Pressburg (1271) Treaty of Hainburg (1291) 1302–1526 (Middle ages to Tripartition) Treaty of Bruck (1328) Treaty of Enns (1336) Hungarian–Lithuanian Treaty (1351) Hungarian–Neapolitan Treaty (1352) Treaty of Zara (1358) Treaty of Brunn (1364) Treaty of Torino (1381) Treaty of Iglo (1397) Treaty of Lubowla (1412) Truce of Eger (1437) Peace of Szeged (1444) Truce of Radkersburg (1447) Hunyadi–Frederick pact (1450) Peace Treaty of Wiener Neustadt (1463) Treaty of Ófalu (1474) Treaty of Korneoburg-Gmunden (1477) Treaty of Brno (1478) Treaty of Piotrków (1479) Peace of Olomouc (1479) Treaty of Pressburg (1491) First Congress of Vienna (1515) Dual reign, Ottoman vassalship, reconquest and Napoleonic Wars (1526–1848) Franco-Hungarian alliance (1526) Treaty of Nagyvárad (1538) Treaty of Gyula (1541) Confessio Pentapolitana (1549) Treaty of Speyer (1570) Treaty of Szatmár (1711) 1526-1848 (Royal Hungary to Independence) Truce of Adrianople (1547) Treaty of Adrianople (1568) Treaty of Vienna (1606) Peace of Zsitvatorok (1606) Peace of Szőny (1627) Peace of Vasvár (1664) Holy League (1684) Diploma Leopoldium (1690) Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) Treaty of Passarowitz (1718) Pragmatic Sanction (1723) Treaty of Belgrade (1739) Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) First Partition of Poland (1772) Treaty of Sistova (1791) Treaty of Campo Formio (1797) Treaty of Schönbrunn (1809) Congress of Vienna (1815) (1571–1711) (Principality of Transylvania) Alliance of Alba Iulia (1595) Peace of Nikolsburg (1621) Treaty of Vienna (1624) Treaty of Pressburg (1626) Treaty of Linz (1645) Treaty of Nymwegen (1679) Diet of Ónod (1707) Austria-Hungary to the end of World War I (1848–1922) Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 Croatian–Hungarian Settlement (1868) League of the Three Emperors (1873) Treaty of Bern (1874) Reichstadt Agreement (1876) Budapest Convention of 1877 (1877) Treaty of Berlin (1878) Dual Alliance, 1879 Triple Alliance (1882) Boxer Protocol (1901) Treaty of London (1913) Armistice of Focşani (1917) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Ukraine (1918) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) Treaty of Bucharest (1918) Armistice of Villa Giusti (1918) Belgrade Convention (1919) Treaty of Trianon (1920) Armistice with Romania (1920) Bill of dethronement (1921) US–Hungarian Peace Treaty (1921) Covenant of the League of Nations (1922) Modern age (1922–) Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary (1922–1946) Hungarian–Soviet Reparations Agreement (1946) Hungarian–Czechoslovak population exchange agreement (1946) Hungarian–Czechoslovak Reparations Agreement (1946) Hungarian–Yugoslav Reparations Agreement (1946) Hungarian–Yugoslav economic and cooperation treaty (1947) Hungarian–Yugoslav Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (1947) Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 Hungarian–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (1948) Soviet weaponry supply agreement (1948) Agreement of Štrbské Pleso (1949) Treaties of the People's Republic of Hungary (1949–1989) Treaties of the Third Republic of Hungary (1989–)