Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant

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Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
ʃ
IPA number 134
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ʃ
Unicode (hex) U+0283
X-SAMPA S
Kirshenbaum S
Braille ⠱ (braille pattern dots-156)
Sound
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The voiceless palato-alveolar fricative or voiceless domed postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, including English. In English, it is usually represented in writing with ⟨sh⟩, as in ship.

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʃ⟩, the letter esh introduced by Isaac Pitman (not to be confused with the integral sign ⟨∫⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is S.

An alternative symbol is ⟨š⟩, an s with a háček, which is used in the Americanist phonetic notation and the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, as well as in the scientific and ISO 9 transliterations of Cyrillic. It originated with the Czech alphabet of Jan Hus and was adopted in Gaj's Latin alphabet and other Latin alphabets of Slavic languages. It also features in the orthographies of many Baltic, Finno-Lappic, North American and African languages.

Features

Features of the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative:

  • Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe шыд [ʃəd] 'donkey'
Albanian shtëpi [ʃtəˈpi] 'house'
Arabic Standard[1] شمس  [ʃæms] (help·info)'sun' See Arabic phonology
ArmenianEastern[2]շուն  [ʃun] (help·info) 'dog'
Asturian xera [ʃe.ɾa] 'work'
Azerbaijani şeir [ʃeiɾ] 'poem'
Basque kaixo [kajʃ̺o] 'hello'
Berber Kabyle ciwer [ʃiwər] 'to consult'
Breton chadenn [ˈʃa.dɛ̃n] 'chain'
Bulgarian юнашки [joˈnaʃki]'heroically'
Czech kaše [ˈkaʃɛ] 'mash' See Czech phonology
Dutch[3] sjabloon  [ʃäˈbloːn] (help·info) 'template' May be [sʲ] or [ɕ] instead. See Dutch phonology
English sheep  [ʃiːp] (help·info) 'sheep' See English phonology
Esperanto ŝelko [ˈʃelko] 'suspenders' See Esperanto phonology
Faroese sjúkrahús [ʃʉukrahʉus] 'hospital'
French[4] cher  [ʃɛʁ] (help·info) 'expensive' See French phonology
Finnish šekki [ʃekːi] 'check' See Finnish phonology
Galician viaxe [ˈbjaʃe] 'trip'
Georgian[5] შარი [ˈʃɑɾi]'quibbling'
German schön  [ʃøːn] (help·info) 'beautiful' See German phonology
Greek Cypriot ασ̌σ̌ήμια [ɐˈʃːimɲɐ] 'ugliness' Contrasts with /ʃ/ and /ʒː/.
Hebrew שלום  [ʃaˈlom] (help·info) 'peace' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindi शक [ʃək] 'doubt' See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Hungarian segítség [ˈʃɛɡiːt͡ʃːeːɡ] 'help' See Hungarian phonology
Ilokano siák [ʃak] 'I'
Irish sí [ʃiː] 'she' See Irish phonology
Italian[6] fasce [ˈfaʃʃe] 'bands' See Italian phonology
Kabardian шыд [ʃɛd] 'donkey' Contrasts with a labialized form
Kashubian[7]
Latvian šalle [ˈʃalːe] 'scarf'
Lingala shakú [ʃakú] 'Afrikan gray parrot'
Lithuanian šarvas [ˈʃɐrˑvɐs] 'armor'
Macedonian што [ʃtɔ] 'what' See Macedonian phonology
Malay syarikat [ʃarikat] 'company'
Maltese x'jismek [ʃismek] 'what is your name?'
Marathi शब्द [ˈʃəbˈd̪ə] 'word' See Marathi phonology
Mopan Maya kax [kɑːʃ] 'chicken'
Norwegian
[citation needed]		Bokmål sky [ʃyː] 'cloud'See Norwegian phonology
Nynorsk sjukehus [ˈʃʉːkeˈhʉːs] 'hospital'
Occitan Auvergnat maissant [meˈʃɔ̃] 'bad' See Occitan phonology
Gascon maishant [maˈʃan] 'bad'
Limousin son [ʃũ] 'his'
Persian شاه [ʃɒːh]'king' See Persian phonology
Polish Gmina Istebna siano [ˈʃän̪ɔ] 'hay' /ʂ/ and /ɕ/ merge into [ʃ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /ʃ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiceless retroflex sibilant.
Lubawa dialect[8]
Malbork dialect[8]
Ostróda dialect[8]
Warmia dialect[8]
Portuguese European[9] caixa [ˈkajʃɐ] 'box' See Portuguese phonology
Brazilian choque [ˈʃɔki] '(one is) in shock'
Romani Vlax deš [deʃ] 'ten'
Romanian șefi [ʃefʲ] 'bosses' See Romanian phonology
Sahaptin šíš [ʃiʃ] 'mush'
Scottish Gaelic seinn [ʃeiɲ] 'sing' See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian шума / šuma [ʃûmä] 'forest' May be laminal retroflex instead. See Serbo-Croatian phonology.
Silesian Jablunkov[10] These dialects merge /ʂ/ and /ɕ/ into [ʃ].
Gmina Istebna[10]
Slovene šóla [ʃola] 'school'
Somali shan[ʃan] 'five' See Somali phonology
Spanish Northern Mexico[11]
Southern Andalusia		 echador [e̞ʃaˈðo̞r]'boastful' Corresponds to [tʃ] in other dialects. See Spanish phonology
Swahili kushoto [kuʃoto] 'trees'
Swedish vars [vɑːʃ] 'whose' Allophone of [ʂ], mainly in northern dialects. See Swedish phonology
Tagalog siya [ʃa] 'he / she' See Tagalog phonology
Toda[12] [pɔʃ] 'language'
Tunica šíhkali [ˈʃihkali] 'stone'
Turkish güneş [ɟyˈne̞ʃ] 'sun' See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian шахи [ˈʃɑxɪ] 'chess' See Ukrainian phonology
Urdu شکریہ [ʃʊkˈriːaː] 'thank you' See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Uyghur شەھەر [ʃæhær] 'city'
Welsh Standard siarad [ˈʃɑːrad]'speak'See Welsh phonology
Southern dialects mis [miːʃ]'month'
West Frisian sjippe [ˈʃɪpǝ]'soap'
Western Lombard Canzés fescia [feʃa] 'nuisance'
Yiddish וויסנשאַפֿטלעכע [vɪsn̩ʃaftləxə] 'scientific' See Yiddish phonology
Yorùbá ṣi [ʃi] 'open'
Zapotec Tilquiapan[13] xana [ʃana] 'how?'
Zhuang cib [ʃǐp] 'ten'

In various languages, including English and French, it may have simultaneous lip rounding, i.e. [ʃʷ], although this is usually not transcribed.

Classical Latin did not have [ʃ], though it does occur in most of today's Latin–descended languages. For example, ⟨ch⟩ in French chanteur "singer" is pronounced /ʃ/. "chanteur" is descended from Latin cantare, where ⟨c⟩ was pronounced /k/. ⟨sc⟩ in Latin scientia "science" was pronounced /sk/, but has shifted to /ʃ/ in Italian scienza.

The sound in Russian denoted by ⟨ш⟩ is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Thelwall (1990:37)
  2. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:18)
  3. ↑ Gussenhoven (1992:46)
  4. ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
  5. ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
  6. ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
  7. ↑ http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/content/view/227/26/
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
  9. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Dąbrowska (2004:?)
  11. ↑ Cotton & Sharp (2001:15)
  12. ↑ Ladefoged (2005:168)
  13. ↑ Merrill (2008:108)

Bibliography

  • Cotton, Eleanor Greet; Sharp, John (1988), Spanish in the Americas, Georgetown University Press, ISBN 978-0-87840-094-2 
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223 
  • Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, ISBN 83-7384-063-X 
  • Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995), Dialekty i gwary polskie, Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-2140989-X 
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company 
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874 
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X 
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell 
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344 
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628 
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659 
  • Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266 
 
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