Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
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Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate | |||
---|---|---|---|
t͡ɕ | |||
t͜ɕ | |||
IPA number | 215 | ||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) |
ʨ | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+02A8 | ||
X-SAMPA |
ts\ | ||
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Sound | |||
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The voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨t͡ɕ⟩ (formerly ⟨ʨ⟩). The voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate occurs in languages such as Mandarin Chinese and Serbo-Croatian.
Features
Features of the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is alveolo-palatal. This means that:
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, meaning that the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth in the area behind the alveolar ridge (the gum line).
- Its tongue shape is laminal, meaning that it is the tongue blade that contacts the roof of the mouth.
- It is palatalized, meaning that the middle of the tongue bowed, raised towards the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adyghe | Abadzekh | чъыгы | [t͡ɕəɣə] (help·info) | 'tree' | |
Bzhedug | |||||
Shapsug | |||||
Catalan[1] | All dialects | fletxa | [ˈfɫet͡ɕə] | 'arrow' | See Catalan phonology |
Valencian | xec | [ˈt͡ɕek] | 'cheque' | ||
Chinese | Cantonese | 掣 zai1 | [tɕɐi˥] | 'switch'/'button' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Cantonese phonology |
Mandarin | 北京 Běijīng | [peɪ˨˩ t͡ɕiŋ˥] (help·info) | 'Beijing' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology | |
Danish | tjener | [ˈt͡ɕɛ̝ːnɐ] | 'servant' | See Danish phonology | |
Japanese | 知人 chijin | [t͡ɕid͡ʑĩɴ] | 'acquaintance' | See Japanese phonology | |
Korean | 집 jip | [t͡ɕip̚] | 'house' | See Korean phonology | |
Norwegian | tjern | [t͡ɕæɳ] | 'pond' | See Norwegian phonology | |
Polish[2] | ćma | [t͡ɕmä] (help·info) | 'moth' | See Polish phonology | |
Russian | чуть | [t͡ɕʉtʲ] | 'narrowly' | See Russian phonology | |
Serbo-Croatian | Ловћен / Lovćen | [ɫǒ̞ʋt͡ɕe̞n] | 'Lovćen' | Merges with /t͡ʃ/ in most Croatian and some Bosnian accents. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
Swedish | Finland | kjol | [t͡ɕuːl] | 'skirt' | See Swedish phonology |
Thai[3] | ฉัน | [tɕʰǎn] | 'I' | ||
Uzbek[4] | |||||
Vietnamese | cha | [t͡ɕa] | 'father' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
Yi | ꏢ ji | [t͡ɕi˧] | 'sour' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms |
See also
References
Bibliography
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar
- Tingsabadh, M.R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur S. (1993), "Thai", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (1): 24–26, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004746
- Wheeler, Max W. (2005), The Phonology of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7
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