Visby

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Visby
Visby skyline

Coat of arms
Nickname(s): City of roses
Visby
Coordinates: 57°38′05″N 18°17′57″E / 57.63472°N 18.29917°E / 57.63472; 18.29917Coordinates: 57°38′05″N 18°17′57″E / 57.63472°N 18.29917°E / 57.63472; 18.29917
Country Sweden
Province Gotland
County Gotland County
Municipality Gotland Municipality
Charter 1645
Area[1]
 • City 12.44 km2 (4.80 sq mi)
Population (31 December 2010)[1]
 • City 22,593
 • Density 1,816/km2 (4,700/sq mi)
 • Metro 57,122
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 321 xx
Area code(s) (+46) 498
Website www.visby.se

Visby [ˈviːsbʏ] is a locality and the seat of Gotland Municipality in Gotland County, Sweden with 22,593 inhabitants, as of 2010.[1] It is the only locality with historical city status on the island of Gotland; it is arguably the best-preserved medieval city in Scandinavia and has been named a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Among the most notable historical remains are the 3.4 km (2.1 mi) long town wall, that encircles the town centre.

The name "Visby" comes from the Old Norse Vis, (genitive singular of Vi) meaning sacrificial place, and by, meaning "city".[2]

Visby is a popular vacation destination for Scandinavians during the summer and receives thousands of tourists every year. It is by far the most populated locality outside the Swedish mainland, with more than 22 000 inhabitants. Visby is also the only municipality seat of Sweden that is accessible only by boat and air traffic.

History

The earliest history of Visby is uncertain, but it is known to have been a centre of merchandise around 900 AD. It was inhabited as early as the Stone Age, probably because of the access to fresh water and a natural harbour.

In the 12th century, Visby Cathedral, dedicated to Saint Mary, was constructed. It was reshaped in the 13th century to its current appearance, and was officially opened in 1225 by the bishop of the Swedish city of Linköping. Several other churches were also constructed in the ensuing centuries. The city flourished, thanks to the German Hanseatic League.

Valdemar Atterdag holding Visby to ransom, 1361, by Carl Gustaf Hellqvist (1851–1890).
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Hanseatic Town of Visby
Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List

Type Cultural
Criteria iv, v
Reference 731
UNESCO region Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription 1995 (19th Session)

The work on the ring wall was likely begun in the 12th century. Around 1300, it was rebuilt to reach its current height, acquiring the characteristic towers, although some towers were not constructed until the 15th century. The ringwall is still largely intact.

In 1361, Gotland was conquered by Valdemar IV of Denmark. 1800 Gotlanders were killed in battle in front of the city. Valdemar tore down part of the wall, set up three huge beer barrels and threatened to turn his men loose to pillage the town unless they were filled with silver and gold. The Visby city fathers fulfilled the demand, with churches stripped of their valuables. Valdemar added "King of Gotland" to his title list. His treatment of Visby, a member of the Hanseatic League, precipitated that League into war with Denmark; however, though Valdemar was forced into various concessions, he retained Visby as a Danish city.

In 1391, 1394 and 1398, it was taken and plundered by the Victual Brothers, pirates who sailed the Baltic Sea. An invading army of Teutonic Knights conquered Gotland in 1398, destroyed Visby and expelled the Victual Brothers. In 1409 Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen of the Teutonic Knights guaranteed peace with the Kalmar Union of Scandinavia by selling the island of Gotland to Queen Margaret of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.

In 1411, King Eric of Pomerania had the castle of Visborg constructed, and settled himself there for twelve years, during which the city virtually became a pirates nest, and the commerce halted. As of 1470, the Hanseatic League rescinded Visby's status as a Hanseatic town.

In 1525, the final blow came. The merchants of Visby were in a feud with Lübeck in what is now Germany. The Lübeckers burned down all Visby's churches except the cathedral. The ruins have been preserved until this day, adding a sense of gravity to the modern city.

Gotland was again conquered by Sweden in 1645 at the Treaty of Brömsebro, after 300 years of Danish rule. The city developed slowly as things were left as they were. In the mid 18th century, after a plague had reduced Visby's population, some attempts were made by Swedish government officials to improve living standards, but little was accomplished. Not until the early 19th century did Visby once again attract commerce and a harbour industry. At the same time - 1808 - Gotland was conquered by Russia, but was peacefully taken back by the Swedes after only a couple of months.

Sights and events

Some affectionately call Visby the "city of roses and ruins" and natives to the island often just say "town". [citation needed]

In the first week of July, Visby is the scene of the Almedalen Week (Almedalsveckan), an important meeting place for everyone involved in Swedish politics. During the week, representatives from the major political parties in Sweden take turns giving speeches in the Almedalen park.

In August, the tourist season is at its peak. In week 32 from Sunday to Sunday, the annual Medieval Week (Medeltidsveckan) is held. During this time regularly dressed tourists are outnumbered by people dressed in Medieval costumes. The festival started in 1984. There are a variety of events: music, jesters, theatre, a medieval market, jousting tournaments and much more.

See also: World Ecological Forum

Infrastructure

Transport

Train at Visby railway station the last year of traffic, 1960

Visby is linked to the mainland of Sweden by ferry and by plane. Ferries arrive from both Oskarshamn in Småland and Nynäshamn, near Stockholm, each taking about three hours. The ferry is run by Destination Gotland and subsidized by the Swedish government.

Visby Airport is located about 5 km (3.1 mi) north of the city. With 276,000 passengers in 2005, it is the 12th largest airport in Sweden.

Visby gave its name to the 1968 Visby Amendments, which were an amendment of the Hague Rules of shipping law, leading to the Hague-Visby Rules.

Utilities

Near Visby, there is the static inverter plant for the first HVDC interconnection of a windpark (HVDC Visby–Näs).

Culture and the arts

Swedish author Mari Jungstedt has set nine detective novels on the island of Gotland. The principal character, DS Anders Knutas, is based at police headquarters in Visby, and there are numerous descriptive passages of the city and the island.

Hayao Miyazaki noted that Visby is the main visual inspiration for the town in Kiki's Delivery Service, with elements of other locations such as Stockholm also blended in.[3]

Sports

The following sports clubs are located in Visby:

Climate

Climate data for Visby
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 0.7
(33.3)		 0.3
(32.5)		 3.1
(37.6)		 8.0
(46.4)		 14.3
(57.7)		 19.0
(66.2)		 20.3
(68.5)		 19.7
(67.5)		 15.4
(59.7)		 10.7
(51.3)		 5.7
(42.3)		 2.5
(36.5)		 9.98
(49.96)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.1
(30)		 −1.8
(28.8)		 0.1
(32.2)		 4.0
(39.2)		 9.6
(49.3)		 14.3
(57.7)		 16.3
(61.3)		 15.9
(60.6)		 12.1
(53.8)		 8.1
(46.6)		 3.9
(39)		 0.7
(33.3)		 6.84
(44.32)
Average low °C (°F) −3.4
(25.9)		 −4.3
(24.3)		 −2.7
(27.1)		 0.5
(32.9)		 5.1
(41.2)		 9.6
(49.3)		 12.3
(54.1)		 12.1
(53.8)		 9.0
(48.2)		 5.5
(41.9)		 1.7
(35.1)		 −1.6
(29.1)		 3.65
(38.58)
Rainfall mm (inches) 48
(1.89)		 28
(1.1)		 32
(1.26)		 29
(1.14)		 29
(1.14)		 31
(1.22)		 50
(1.97)		 50
(1.97)		 59
(2.32)		 50
(1.97)		 57
(2.24)		 51
(2.01)		 514
(20.23)
Avg. rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11 7 8 7 6 5 8 8 10 9 12 11 102
Mean monthly sunshine hours 34.1 59.3 133.3 195.0 288.3 309.0 282.1 241.8 162.0 105.4 48.0 27.9 1,886.2
Source: Hong Kong Observatory.[4]

Gallery

History

  • Reconstruction of Visby harbour during the Middle Ages

  • Visby as seen on an engraving from c. 1580

  • Visby circa 1700, in Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna

Main sights

  • Visby Cathedral, view from the east

  • Visby Cathedral, view from the south

  • City wall of Visby

  • Gunpowder Tower

  • Ruin of St. Nicholas' Church, one of several medieval church ruins in Visby

  • Medieval building in Visby

Visby harbour

Panorama image of Visby harbour, April 2008

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km2 2005 och 2010" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2012. 
  2. ↑ Nationalencyklopedin, article "Visby"
  3. ↑ Hayao Miyazaki (director) (3 February 2010). Creating Kiki's Delivery Service (DVD) (in English and Japanese). Disney Presents Studio Ghibl. 
  4. ↑ Climatological Information for Visby, Sweden, Hong Kong Observatory accessed 1 May 2012.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Visby.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Visby.
Localities:
Municipalities
Municipal seats
Administrative seats of Swedish counties (län)
Members of the Hanseatic League by Quarter
Wendish
Lübeck
Saxon
Baltic
Westphalian
Kontore
Principal
Subsidiary
Other cities
  • 1 Cologne and Dortmund were both capital of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.
  • 2 Antwerp gained importance once Bruges became inaccessible due to the silting of the Zwin channel.
For official site names, see each article or the List of World Heritage Sites in Sweden.
East
South
North
  • 1 Shared with Finland
  • 2 Shared with nine other countries
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