Virtuality (philosophy)

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Gilles Deleuze, a prominent thinker of virtuality, used the term virtual to refer to an aspect of reality that is ideal, but which is nonetheless real. An example of this would be the meaning, or sense, of a proposition, which is not a material aspect of that proposition (whether it be written or spoken) but is nonetheless an attribute of that proposition.[citation needed] Both Henri Bergson, who strongly influenced Deleuze, and Deleuze himself build their conception of the virtual in reference to a quotation in which Marcel Proust defines a virtuality, memory as "real but not actual, ideal but not abstract". A dictionary definition written by Charles Sanders Peirce gives support to this understanding of the virtual as something that is "as if" it was actually-real and the everyday usage of the term to indicate what is "virtually" so, but not so in fact.[1]

Deleuze's concept of virtuality

Deleuze's concept of the virtual has two aspects: first, we could say that the virtual is a kind of surface effect produced by the actual causal interactions which occur at the material level.[citation needed] When one uses a computer, an image is projected on the monitor screen which depends upon physical interactions going on at the level of hardware. The window is nowhere in actuality, but is nonetheless real and can be interacted with. This example actually leads to the other aspect of the virtual which Deleuze insists upon, which is its generative nature. The virtual is here conceived as a kind of potentiality that becomes fulfilled in the actual. It is still not material, but it is real.

The difficulty of how these two aspects of Deleuze's notion of the virtual hang together forms the crux of Slavoj Žižek's argument in his Organs without Bodies, in which he claims that Deleuze backs away from this problem by forming a partnership with Félix Guattari.[citation needed] Deleuze argues that Henri Bergson developed "the notion of the virtual to its highest degree" and that he based his entire philosophy on it.[2] In Bergsonism, Deleuze writes that "virtual" is not opposed to "real" but opposed to "actual," whereas "real" is opposed to "possible."[3] This definition, which is almost indistinguishable from potential, originates in medieval Scholastics and the pseudo-Latin "virtualis". Deleuze identifies the virtual, considered as a continuous multiplicity, with Bergson's "duration": "it is the virtual insofar as it is actualized, in the course of being actualized, it is inseparable from the movement of its actualization."[4]

Other concepts of virtuality

Recently this conception of the virtual has been challenged and another core meaning has been elicited by (Denis Berthier, "Meditations on the real and the virtual" — in French), based on uses in science (virtual image), technology (virtual world), and etymology (derivation from virtue — Latin virtus[5]). At the same ontological level as "the possible (ie. ideally-possible) abstractions, representations, or imagined "fictions," the actually-real "material," or the actually-possible "probable", the "virtual" is "ideal-real". It is defined as that which is not real, but displays the full qualities of the real — in a plainly actual (i.e., not potential) — way. The prototypical case is a reflection in a mirror: it is already there, whether or not one can see it; it is not waiting for any kind of actualization. This definition allows one to understand that real effects may be issued from a virtual object, so that our perception of it and our whole relation to it, are fully real, even if it is not. This explains how virtual reality is able to be used to cure phobias. Brian Massumi shows the political implications of this.

However, note that the writers above all use terms such as "possible", "potential" and "real" in different ways and relate the virtual to these other terms differently. Deleuze regards the opposite of the virtual as the actual. Rob Shields argues that the opposite of the virtual is the material for there are other actualities such as a probability (e.g. "risks" are actual dangers that have not yet materialized but there is a "probability" that they will).[6]

The virtual is far more than a technical or communications term. Martin Luther was prosecuted by the Catholic Inquisition for the heresy of virtualism after he proposed that the Christian Eucharist was not actually but virtually the body and blood of Christ.[citation needed]

References

  1. ↑ Peirce, C.S. "Virtual." Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, ed. James Mark Baldwin. New York: Macmillan, 1902.
  2. ↑ Deleuze (1966, 43).
  3. ↑ Deleuze (1966, 96-98).
  4. ↑ Deleuze (1966, 42-43, 81) and Deleuze (2002a, 44).
  5. ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=virtual
  6. ↑ Shields, Rob The Virtual Routledge 2003.

Sources

  • Deleuze, Gilles. 1966. Bergsonism. Trans. Hugh Tomlinson and Barbara Habberjam. NY: Zone, 1991. ISBN 0-942299-07-8.
  • ---. 2002a. Desert Islands and Other Texts 1953-1974. Trans. David Lapoujade. Ed. Michael Taormina. Semiotext(e) Foreign Agents ser. Los Angeles and New York: Semiotext(e), 2004. ISBN 1-58435-018-0.
  • ---. 2002b. "The Actual and the Virtual." In Dialogues II. Rev. ed. Trans. Eliot Ross Albert. New York and Chichester: Columbia UP. 148-152. ISBN 0-8264-9077-8.
  • Christine Buci-Glucksmann, La folie du voir: Une esthétique du virtuel, Galilée, 2002
  • Massumi, Brian. 2002. Parables for the Virtual: Movement, Affect, Sensation. Post-Contemporary Interventions ser. Durham and London: Duke UP. ISBN 0-8223-2897-6.
  • Origins of Virtualism: An Interview with Frank Popper conducted by Joseph Nechvatal", CAA Art Journal, Spring 2004, pp. 62–77
  • Frank Popper, From Technological to Virtual Art, Leonardo Books, MIT Press, 2007
  • Rob Shields, The Virtual Routledge 2003.
  • Rob Shields "Virtualities", Theory Culture and Society 23:2-3. 2006. pp. 284-86.
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