Vateria indica oil
Vateria indica oil is extracted from the seeds of Vateria indica plant. Vateria indica is a species of plant in the Dipterocarpaceae family. The tree is also known as the Indian copal tree. It is endemic to India, the Western Ghats of Karnataka (Dakshin and Uttar Kannada, Chikmagalur, Hassan), Kerala (Cannanore, Calicut, Palghat, Tiruvanantapuram) and Tamil Nadu (Coimbatore, Annamalai, Tinnaveli) up to an altitude of 800 m. in the evergreen forests.[1] Refined fat is obtained after chemical conventional refining, and is edible.
Common names in Indian languages
- Sanskrit=Dhupa,Kundura,Ajakarna,Sarjak
- Hindi=kharuba,Safed Damar,Sundras
- Marathi =chandrusa, dhoop, dhup, ral, salaadeek
- Malayalam=baine, kundirukam, kunthrikkappayin,paini
- Telugu:Dhupa Damara,dhupa
- Kannada=Dhupa, bilagaggala, bilee daamar, bilee guggula, bili guggulu, bilidamaru, bilidhoopa, bilidhupa, bilidupa,
- Tamil =dhup-maram, painimaram
- Urdu= guggul, kahruba shamai
Morphology
Vateria indica tree is also known as Indian copal tree and dhupa. It is a large evergreen tree which can grow up to 15 meters or more in height. Timber of the tree is used in the manufacture of matches and plywood. The leaves have medicinal uses. The bark is used in the Gur industry and in internal medicine as a treatment for malarial fever. The resin secreted from the tree trunk is well known commercially as white damar; it is used in varnish,candles,ointments,medicines and incense.[2] The bark is grayish and smooth. Young branchlets are round and hairy and exude a resinous substance. The leaves are simple and spirally arranged. Stipples are caduceus-shaped. Leaf-stalks are 2-3.5 cm long, swollen at apex and nearly hairless. Leaves are 8-27 x 4.5–10 cm by size and elliptic-oblong. The tip of the leaf is abruptly long-pointed or blunt. The leaf base varies from rounded to heart-shaped. Leaf surface is leathery and hairless. Leaf Midrib is flat above, and secondary nerves appear in 13-20 pairs. Flowers are borne in panicles in the leaf axis. Flowers have dense stellate hairs, and are white with yellow anthers. The capsule is pale brown, 3-valved, and oblong. The size of the capsule is 6.4 x 3.8 cm. Sepals are persistent of seed[3] Flowering starts between January and March. The fruits ripen from May to July. The fruit yield is typically 400 to 500 kg per hectare. A good crop appears every 3–5 years with 1-2 poor seasons and 1-2 average seasons in between.
Kernel
Dhupa kernels contains 19-23% of pale yellow fat having a tallow like consistency and turns white on standing. The kernel is 47% of the fruit. The average weight of the kernel will be 55 grams. The color of the kernel is reddish white or green and have thick brown covering/hull, hard brittle aromatic nature. Usually the moisture content in fresh kernel will be around 41-47%. The kernel is well dried in sunlight or by steam heating. After drying the average moisture content could be reduced to 6-75.The oil content in dried kernel will be around 25.0%.
Collection and processing
The seed is collected immediately after the fruit falls down to avoid germination in the wet soil and infestation by worms. Usually it takes 4–5 weeks to collect and it is done by hand. Germ is removed by hand and fruits decorticated by wooden mallets, the kernels get broken and sterilized in the process. Kernels dried by agitating in a layer of 4–5 feet in a Godown, under sun dry. The kernel is disintegrated to 6–7 mm size, and crushed first through expeller, and 8-9% oil is recovered from feed seed,then the oil cake is processed in Solvent extraction to yield total oil from the oil cake..
Oil and fat
Vateria indica oil is known as Piney tallow or Dhupa fat. Dhupa oil contains saturated fatty acids more than 55.0%. Hence, the oil remains solid at lower temperature, so the oil is known as fat. In the fat stearic acid is present up to 40-45% and palmitic acid up to 10-13%. Oleic acidis present up to 43-48%. The Linoleic acid content is merely 0.5%. At the same time, Arachadic acid, a saturated fatty acid, with 20 carbons is present up to 5.0%.
| Fatty Acid | Percentage |
| Myristic Acid(C14:0) | 0.0-1.0 |
| Palmitic acid(C16:0) | 9.7-13.0 |
| stearic Acid(C18:0) | 38.0-45.0 |
| Arachidic acid | 0.4-4.6 |
| Oleic Acid | 42.0-48.0 |
| Linoleic Acid | 0.2-2.3 |
| Linolenic acid | up to 0.5 |
The Dhupa fat is greenish yellow to white, fairly soft with pleasant odor. It can be bleached by exposure to light.
Specification For Dhupa Fat[2][5]
| character | range |
| Refractive index at 600C | 1.4577-1.4677 |
| Iodine Value | 36-51 |
| Saponification Value | 186-193 |
| Unsaponifiable matter | 1.0-2.0 |
| Titer | 530C min |
Uses of oil
- Refined Fat is obtained after chemical conventional refining, and it is edible. It is used as a component for filling, as Cocoa Butter Substitute/Extender after proper processing, as well as in yarn-sizing and manufacture of candles, soaps and other cosmetics[6]
- It is used for edible purposes after refining. It is used in confectionary and as an adulterant of ghee.[7]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Plant Details". Envis.frlht.org. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 SEA Hand Book-2009.By The Solvent Extractors' Association of India.page No:911
- ↑ "Vateria indica - White Damar". Flowersofindia.net. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
- ↑ "Fatty Acid Composition Of Some Major Oils". Chempro.in. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
- ↑ "IS 8879 (1980): Dhupa Fat (FAD 13: Oils and Oilseeds)". Law.resource.org. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
- ↑ "Welcome to Manorama Group". Manoramagroup.co.in. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
- ↑ "Welcome to Pilikula Nisarga Dhama". Pilikula.com. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
External links
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