Vancouverism

Vancouver city skyline view .

Vancouverism is an urban planning and architectural technique pioneered in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It is characterized by mixed-use developments, typically with a medium-height, commercial base and narrow, high-rise residential towers to accommodate high populations and to preserve view corridors.^[1][2][3][4] This mixed use originated from a lack of freeways through the city, which forced people to live, work, and play in the downtown core.

With a large residential population living in the city centre, no expressways connecting the core to the suburbs, and significant reliance on mass public transit, Vancouver is distinct from most large North American cities. In part, these reasons contribute to the fact that it is consistently ranked among the most livable cities in the world.^[5] An article in San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association has taken note of Vancouver's approach to new development and view corridors and asks if San Francisco should pursue similar direction.^[1]

Renowned architect Bing Thom described Vancouverism this way:^[6]

It's a spirit about public space. I think Vancouverites are very, very proud that we built a city that really has a tremendous amount of space on the waterfront for people to recreate and to enjoy. At the same time, False Creek and Coal Harbour were previously industrial lands that were very polluted and desecrated. We've refreshed all of this with new development, and people have access to the water and the views. So, to me, it's this idea of having a lot people living very close together, mixing the uses. So, we have apartments on top of stores. In Surrey we have a university on top of a shopping centre. This mixing of uses reflects Vancouver in terms of our culture and how we live together.

An important aspect to note is that Vancouverism is an ideal that was developed in Vancouver but is not present in all regions of the city of Vancouver. Additionally, while outlying regions of Metro Vancouver, such as Surrey, has adopted aspects of these ideals, they did not originate outside the city of Vancouver.

Background

Vancouverism developed in part as a product of Vancouver's geographical context. Wedged between the sea, mountains and the border with the United States, the Greater Vancouver Regional District partnered with the area's municipalities to encourage controlled development. Early recognition that British Columbia's farmland would be engulfed by sprawl led to the establishment of the Agricultural Land Reserve in the 1970s. This assisted in containing and intensifying development throughout the Vancouver metropolitan area and the Fraser Valley.^{[citation needed]}

Architect Arthur Erickson is credited by some with developing the concept that became Vancouverism in the mid-1950s, in a never-realized development called "Project 56".^[7] Many of the principles were incorporated into the development of the West End, which became the highest density neighbourhood on the west coast of North America by the 1960s. The city's planning department, under the direction of Ray Spaxman in the 1980s, began to expand on the concepts, many of which were brought into fruition with the development of the former Expo 86 lands along False Creek and Yaletown.

Another person who is credited with influencing Vancouverism is Jane Jacobs, author of The Death and Life of Great American Cities.^[8] Brent Toderian, the former head of Planning for the City of Vancouver says of Jacobs: “There isn't a person or book more influential in creating ‘Vancouverism' than Jane and The Death and Life”... “I know what she means about people misunderstanding density – that's why we emphasize density done well rather than density as a mathematical exercise. [But] people 'round the world praise Vancouver's livability, and she had a big hand in it.”^[9]

Aesthetics of Vancouverism

One principle associated with Vancouverism, as evidenced by planning policy, involves protecting "view corridors". Vancouver's "View Protection Guidelines" were approved in 1989 and amended in 1990, establishing height limits to protect views of the North Shore Mountains. This approach, while credited with preserving the city's scenic backdrop, has been criticized for lessening visual interest and failing to represent the city's contemporary image. In response, Council commissioned a "Skyline Study" in 1997 which concluded that Vancouver's skyline would benefit from the addition of a handful of buildings exceeding current height limits, to add visual interest to Vancouver's skyline.^[10]

A study found that opportunities for such buildings were restricted due to a limited number of large development sites in the downtown.^[11] Eight years later, five of the seven sites identified for higher buildings had been planned or developed. The tallest of the new buildings is the Living Shangri-La hotel/residential tower, which was completed in 2008, and stands 201 metres (659 ft)^[12] tall (62 stories).^[13]

The fine-meshed urban grid with mid-block lanes, has allowed the city to easily densify and promotes walkability. The overhead, visible, grade separated SkyTrain (Vancouver) transit system is an integral part of the aesthetic of Vancouverism, as it promotes a healthy lifestyle.

The Planning Process

One of the circumstances allowing the development of Vancouverism was the discretionary planning process implemented by the city. The planning process of Vancouver is based on collaboration by aligning the development goals of the city prior to determining the particular actions for individual drivers.^[14] Following the extended public outcry over a freeway and development program known as Project 200, Vancouver voted the Elector's Action Movement (TEAM) into power. TEAM ran on a platform of implementing more stringent design criteria and oversight to city developments. Development along South False Creek is the ideal urban form advocated by TEAM. The South False Creek development is characterized by low-density, mixed use and mixed-income residential properties with a high level of access to amenities. As well as favouring the urban form found along South False Creek, TEAM implemented significant reforms to the planning process. Discretionary planning allows the automatic approval of small developments that conform to the existing building codes. Larger projects are subject to the design review of the planning department. The planning department is empowered to make decisions that will force developments to conform to certain design guidelines.

Zoning Districts

The City of Vancouver has been divided by several zoning districts. Agricultural districts (Green), one-family dwelling districts (White), two-family dwelling units (Yellow), commercial districts (Red), light industrial districts (Teal), historic area districts (Green), as well as other comprehensive development districts.

http://vancouver.ca/files/cov/Zoning-Map-Vancouver.pdf Caption: Zoning Representation of the City of Vancouver April 15, 2008

Sustainable Development

Sustainable development refers to solutions that not only benefit the present population, but also the future generations as well. This type of development requires looking at the consequences of decisions, which lead to solutions, and the consequences of those consequences too. Vancouver planners have been looking ahead of their current problems and solutions for decades. An example of this foresight can be seen in Vancouver’s zoning regulations maintaining set-backs and sight-lines; and rejecting the downtown freeway, in which the city sacrificed initial gains for smaller long-term benefits and neighbourhood preservation—a trade-off that benefit current residents and later generations as well. Current issues revolve around finite energy sources and their impacts on the environment. These problems have lead Vancouver to outline a growth strategy that considers the environment and community.

See also

• Manhattanization
• Neomodern architecture
• Brusselization
• Architecture of Vancouver
• James K. M. Cheng

External links

• Metro Vancouver Regional Growth Strategy
• Translink Regional Transportation Strategy Strategic Framework
• Punter, John. The Vancouver Achievement:Urban Planning and Design. N.p.: n.p., 2004. Print.

References