Vacuum evaporation

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Vacuum Sugar Apparatus at The Great Exhibition, 1851

Vacuum evaporation is the process of causing the pressure in a liquid-filled container to be reduced below the vapor pressure of the liquid, causing the liquid to evaporate at a lower temperature than normal. Although the process can be applied to any type of liquid at any vapor pressure, it is generally used to describe the boiling of water by lowering the container's internal pressure below standard atmospheric pressure and causing the water to boil at room temperature.

When the process is applied to food and the water is evaporated and removed, the food can be stored for long periods of time without spoiling. It is also used when boiling a substance at normal temperatures would chemically change the consistency of the product, such as egg whites coagulating when attempting to dehydrate the albumen into a powder.

This process was invented by Henri Nestlé in 1866, of Nestlé Chocolate fame,[citation needed] although the Shakers were already using a vacuum pan earlier than that (see condensed milk).

This process is used industrially to make such food products as evaporated milk for milk chocolate, and tomato paste for ketchup.

Vacuum evaporation plant.
vacuum pans in a beet sugar factory
In the sugar industry vacuum evaporation is used in the crystallization of sucrose solutions. Traditionally, this process was performed in batch mode, but nowadays also continuous vacuum pans are available[1]

Vacuum evaporators [2]are used in a wide range of industrial sectors to treat industrial effluents and wastewater. It represents a clean, safe and very versatile technology having low management costs, which in most cases serves as a Zero-discharge treatment system.

Vacuum evaporation treatment process consists of reducing the interior pressure of the evaporation chamber below atmospheric pressure. This reduces the boiling point of the liquid to be evaporated, thereby reducing the heat necessary/eliminated in both the boiling and condensation processes. In addition, there are other technical advantages such as the ability to distill other liquids with high boiling points and avoiding the decomposition of substances that are sensitive to temperature, etc.


Vacuum evaporation is also a form of physical vapor deposition used in the semiconductor, microelectronics, and optical industries and in this context is a process of depositing thin films of material onto surfaces. Such a technique consists of pumping a vacuum chamber to pressures of less than 10^{{-5}} torr and heating a material to produce a flux of vapor in order to deposit the material onto a surface. The material to be vaporized is typically heated until its vapor pressure is high enough to produce a flux of several Angstroms per second by using an electrically resistive heater or bombardment by a high voltage beam.


References

  1. ↑ article on continuous vacuum pans, retrieved on 21 September, 2011
  2. ↑ "Vacuum evaporators" as a technology for industrial water-based liquid waste minimization and treatment Retrieved on 27 January 2009.

See also

  • Freeze drying

Norbert Rillieux

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