Uspantek language
| Uspantek | |
|---|---|
| Uspanteco | |
| Native to | Guatemala |
| Region | Quiché (department) |
| Ethnicity | Uspantek |
Native speakers | 3,000 (1998)[1] |
|
Mayan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | usp |
The Uspanteko (Uspanteco, Uspanteko, Uspantec) is a Mayan language of Guatemala, closely related to K'iche'. It is spoken in the Uspantán and Playa Grande Ixcán municipios, in the Department El Quiché.[2][3][4] It is also one of only three Mayan languages to have developed contrastive tone (the others being Yukatek and one dialect of Tzotzil). It distinguishes between vowels with high tone and vowels with low tone.
Phonology
Tone
Uspantek has two phonemic tones, high and falling (Can Pixabaj 2007:39). In writing, the high tone is represented by an acute accent mark on the vowel (e.g., ráqan 'my foot'), while the falling tone is represented by an acute accent mark on the first vowel followed by an unmarked vowel (e.g., júun 'one').
The high tone occurs in penultimate syllables when the final syllable contains a short vowel. Additionally, it occurs the following contexts (Can Pixabaj 2007).
- Possessive forms of inalienable nouns, although exceptions abound
- Bisyllabic single morphemes, especially those with short /a/ or /i/ in the final syllable
- Intransitive verbs with the suffix -ik
- Words with three syllables, with some exceptions
- Loanwords
The following types of words do not have tone.
- Words with CV'C structure do not add tone to penultimate syllables when affixes are added.
- Monosyllabic words with long vowels that have no tone do not add tone to penultimate syllables when affixes are added.
The falling tone occurs in long vowels, and in the following contexts (Can Pixabaj 2007).
- Monosyllabic words
- Final syllable of a polysyllabic word
Phonotactics
The main types of syllable structures in Uspantek are CVC, CV, and CCVC (Can Pixabaj 2007:50).
References
- ↑ Uspantek reference at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
- ↑ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr., ed. (2005). "Uspantek" (on line version). Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Barbara F. Grimes (15 ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. OCLC 60338097.
- ↑ "XI Censo Nacional de Población y VI de Habitación (Censo 2002) - Pertenencia de grupo étnico". Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas. 2002. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
- ↑ "Comunidad Lingüística Uspanteka". ALMG. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
- Can Pixabaj, Telma Angelina, et al. 2007. Gramática uspanteka [Jkemiik yoloj li uspanteko]. Guatemala: Cholsamaj.
- Tuyuc Sucuc, Cecilio. 2001. Vocabulario uspanteko [Cholyool Tz'unun Kaab']. Guatemala: Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala, Comunidad Lingüística Uspanteka.
- Vicente Méndez, Miguel Angel. 2007. Diccionario bilingüe uspanteko-español [Cholaj tzijb'al li Uspanteko]. Guatemala: Cholsamaj.
External links
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