Urban area

An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to the areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities, towns or conurbations, but the term is not commonly extended to rural settlements such as villages and hamlets.

There are currently about 7.1 billion people living on the planet.^[2] In 2009, the number of people living in urban areas (3.42 billion) surpassed the number living in rural areas (3.41 billion) and since then the world has become more urban than rural.^[3] This is currently the first time ever that the majority of the world's population lives in a city.^[4]

Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. Measuring the extent of an urban area helps in analyzing population density and urban sprawl, and in determining urban and rural populations.^{[citation needed]}

Unlike an urban area, a metropolitan area includes not only the urban area, but also satellite cities plus intervening rural land that is socio-economically connected to the urban core city, typically by employment ties through commuting, with the urban core city being the primary labor market.

Definitions

Definitions vary somewhat between nations. European countries define urbanized areas on the basis of urban-type land use, not allowing any gaps of typically more than 200 m, and use satellite imagery instead of census blocks to determine the boundaries of the urban area. In less developed countries, in addition to land use and density requirements, a requirement that a large majority of the population, typically 75%, is not engaged in agriculture and/or fishing is sometimes used.

Argentina

Argentina is highly urbanized.^[5] The ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population, and fewer than one in ten live in rural areas. About 3 million people live in Buenos Aires City and the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world.^[6]

The metropolitan areas of Córdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each^[6] and Mendoza, Tucumán, La Plata, Mar del Plata, Salta and Santa Fe^[6][7] have at least half a million people each.

The population is unequally distributed amongst the provinces: about 60% live in the Pampa region (21% of the total area), including 15 million people in Buenos Aires Province; Córdoba Province Santa Fe Province and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires have 3 million each. Seven other provinces have over one million people each: Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. Tucumán is the most densely populated with 60 inhabitants/km², the only Argentine province more densely populated than the world average, while the southern province of Santa Cruz has around 1 inhabitant/km².

v t e Largest cities or towns of Argentina (2007 INDEC estimate)[n 1]
	Rank	Name	Province	Pop.	Rank	Name	Province	Pop.
Buenos Aires Córdoba	1	Buenos Aires	(Autonomous city)	3,050,728	11	Resistencia	Chaco	377,000	Rosario Mendoza
	2	Córdoba	Córdoba	1,372,000	12	Corrientes	Corrientes	345,000
	3	Rosario	Santa Fe	1,242,000	13	Bahía Blanca	Buenos Aires	304,000
	4	Mendoza	Mendoza	885,434	14	San Salvador de Jujuy	Jujuy	298,000
	5	Tucumán	Tucumán	789,000	15	Posadas	Misiones	287,000
	6	La Plata	Buenos Aires	732,503	16	Paraná	Entre Ríos	268,000
	7	Mar del Plata	Buenos Aires	604,563	17	Neuquén	Neuquén	255,000
	8	Salta	Salta	516,000	18	Santiago del Estero	Santiago del Estero	244,733
	9	Santa Fe	Santa Fe	493,000	19	Merlo	Buenos Aires	244,168
	10	San Juan	San Juan	453,229	20	Quilmes	Buenos Aires	230,810

Australia

In Australia, urban areas are referred to as "urban centres" and are defined as population clusters of 1000 or more people, with a density of at least 200/km².^[8]

Brazil

According to IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) urban areas already concentrate 84.35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants.^[9] The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte — all in the Southeastern Region — with 19.5, 11.5, and 5.1 million inhabitants respectively.^[10] The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, the capital of Santa Catarina. There are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo (Campinas, Santos and the Paraíba Valley), Minas Gerais (Steel Valley), Rio Grande do Sul (Sinos Valley) and Santa Catarina (Itajaí Valley).^[11]

Canada

According to Statistics Canada, an urban area in Canada is an area with a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than 400 persons per square km².^[12] If two or more urban areas are within 2 km (1.2 mi) of each other by road, they are merged into a single urban area, provided they do not cross census metropolitan area or census agglomeration boundaries.^[13]

In the Canada 2011 Census, Statistics Canada redesignated urban areas with the new term "population centre";^[14] the new term was chosen in order to better reflect the fact that urban vs. rural is not a strict division, but rather a continuum within which several distinct settlement patterns may exist. For example, a community may fit a strictly statistical definition of an urban area, but may not be commonly thought of as "urban" because it has a smaller population, or functions socially and economically as a suburb of another urban area rather than as a self-contained urban entity, or is geographically remote from other urban communities. Accordingly, the new definition set out three distinct types of population centres: small (population 1,000 to 29,999), medium (population 30,000 to 99,999) and large (population 100,000 or greater).^[14] Despite the change in terminology, however, the demographic definition of a population centre remains unchanged from that of an urban area: a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than 400 persons per square km².

China

Since 2000, China's cities have expanded at an average rate of 10% annually. It is estimated that China's urban population will increase by 400 million people by 2025,^[15] when its cities will house a combined population of over one billion.^[16] The country's urbanization rate increased from 17.4% to 46.6% between 1978 and 2009, a scale unprecedented in human history.^[17] Between 150 and 200 million migrant workers work part-time in the major cities, returning home to the countryside periodically with their earnings.^[18][19]

Today, China has dozens of cities with one million or more long-term residents, including the three global cities of Beijing, Hong Kong, and Shanghai; by 2025, the country will be home to 221 cities with over a million inhabitants.^[16] The figures in the table below are from the 2008 census, and are only estimates of the urban populations within administrative city limits; a different ranking exists when considering the total municipal populations (which includes suburban and rural populations). The large "floating populations" of migrant workers make conducting censuses in urban areas difficult;^[20] the figures below include only long-term residents.

v t e Largest cities or towns of China Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China (2010)
	Rank	Name	Province	Pop.	Rank	Name	Province	Pop.
Shanghai Beijing	1	Shanghai	Shanghai	22,315,426	11	Nanjing	Jiangsu	6,852,984	Chongqing Tianjin
	2	Beijing	Beijing	18,827,000	12	Shenyang	Liaoning	5,743,718
	3	Chongqing	Chongqing	15,294,255	13	Hangzhou	Zhejiang	5,695,313
	4	Tianjin	Tianjin	11,090,314	14	Harbin	Heilongjiang	4,517,549
	5	Guangzhou	Guangdong	11,070,654	15	Suzhou	Jiangsu	4,074,000
	6	Shenzhen	Guangdong	10,357,938	16	Jinan	Shandong	3,922,180
	7	Wuhan	Hubei	10,120,000	17	Xi'an	Shaanxi	3,890,098
	8	Dongguan	Guangdong	8,220,937	18	Wuxi	Jiangsu	3,542,319
	9	Chengdu	Sichuan	7,123,697	19	Hefei	Anhui	3,352,076
	10	Hong Kong	Hong Kong	7,055,071	20	Changchun	Jilin	3,341,700

Finland

Similar to other Nordic countries, an urban area (taajama in Finnish) in Finland must have a building at least every 200 metres (660 ft) and at least 200 people. To be considered a town or a city (kaupunki) for statistical purposes, an urban area must have at least 15,000 people. This is not the be confused with the city / town designation used by municipalities.^[21][22]

France

In France,

In France, an urban area is a zone (aire urbaine) encompassing an area of built-up growth (called an "urban unit" (unité urbaine)^[23] - close in definition to the North American urban area) and its commuter belt (couronne périurbaine). Although the official INSEE translation of aire urbaine is "urban area",^[24] most North Americans would find the same as being similar in definition to their metropolitan area.

The largest cities in France, in terms of urban area population, are Paris (12,223,100), Lyon (2,165,785), Marseille (1,718,281), Toulouse (1,232,398), Lille (1,158,306), Bordeaux (1,127,776), Nice (1,001,295), Nantes (873,133) and Strasbourg (761,042).

Germany

Germany has a number of large cities. There are 11 officially recognised metropolitan regions in Germany – and since 2006, 34 potential cities were identified which can be called a Regiopolis. The largest conurbation is the Rhine-Ruhr region (11.7 million in 2008), including Düsseldorf (the capital of North Rhine-Westphalia), Cologne, Bonn, Dortmund, Essen, Duisburg, and Bochum.^[25]

v t e Largest cities or towns of Germany List of statistical offices in Germany 24 December 2010
	Rank	Name	State	Pop.	Rank	Name	State	Pop.
Berlin Hamburg	1	Berlin	Berlin	3,471,756	11	Dresden	Saxony	523,058	Munich Cologne
	2	Hamburg	Hamburg	1,786,448	12	Leipzig	Saxony	522,883
	3	Munich	Bavaria	1,353,186	13	Hannover	Lower Saxony	522,686
	4	Cologne	North Rhine-Westphalia	1,007,119	14	Nuremberg	Bavaria	505,664
	5	Frankfurt	Hesse	688,664	15	Duisburg	North Rhine-Westphalia	489,599
	6	Stuttgart	Baden-Württemberg	606,588	16	Bochum	North Rhine-Westphalia	374,737
	7	Düsseldorf	North Rhine-Westphalia	598,786	17	Wuppertal	North Rhine-Westphalia	349,721
	8	Dortmund	North Rhine-Westphalia	580,444	18	Bonn	North Rhine-Westphalia	324,899
	9	Essen	North Rhine-Westphalia	574,635	19	Bielefeld	North Rhine-Westphalia	323,270
	10	Bremen	Bremen (state)	547,340	20	Mannheim	Baden-Württemberg	313,174

India

For the Census of India 2011, the definition of urban area is as follows:

1. All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee, etc.
2. All other places which satisfied the following criteria:

1. A minimum population of 5,000;
2. At least 75% of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and
3. A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km.

Panoramic view of Delhi, the capital of India

Source: A PDF file named '1. Data Highlight' accessed on 11 April 2012 from Census of India, 2011^[26] The figure below is the population statistic for the year 2011. This is a list of city population and it does not indicate urban agglomeration population.

v t e Largest cities or towns of India Census India[27]
	Rank	Name	State/UT	Pop.	Rank	Name	State/UT	Pop.
Mumbai Delhi	1	Mumbai	Maharashtra	12,478,447	11	Lucknow	Uttar Pradesh	2,815,601	Chennai Hyderabad
	2	Delhi	Delhi	11,007,835	12	Kanpur	Uttar Pradesh	2,767,031
	3	Chennai	Tamilnadu	8,425,970	13	Nagpur	Maharashtra	2,405,421
	4	Hyderabad	Andhra Pradesh	6,809,970	14	Indore	Madhya Pradesh	1,960 521
	5	Bangalore	Karnataka	5,570,585	15	Thane	Maharastra	1,818,872
	6	Ahmedabad	Gujarat	4,681,087	16	Bhopal	Madhya Pradesh	1,795,648
	7	Kolkata	West Bengal	4,486,679	17	Visakhapatnam	Andhra Pradesh	1,730,320
	8	Surat	Gujarat	4,462,002	18	Pimpri-Chinchwad	Maharashtra	1,729,359
	9	Pune	Maharashtra	3,115,431	19	Patna	Bihar	1,683,200
	10	Jaipur	Rajasthan	3,073,350	20	Ludhiana	Punjab	1,613,878

Japan

In Japan urbanized areas are defined as contiguous areas of densely inhabited districts (DIDs) using census enumeration districts as units with a density requirement of 4,000 inhabitants per square kilometre (10,000 /sq mi).

Panoramic view of Shinjuku and Mount Fuji taken from Bunkyo Civic Center in Tokyo, the most populous urban area in the world.^[1]

The Netherlands

The Netherlands is the 24th most densely populated country in the world, with 404.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,048 /sq mi)—or 497 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,287 /sq mi) if only the land area is counted. The Randstad is the country's largest conurbation located in the west of the country and contains the four largest cities: Amsterdam in the province North Holland, Rotterdam and The Hague in the province South Holland, and Utrecht in the province Utrecht. The Randstad has a population of 7 million inhabitants and is the 6th largest metropolitan area in Europe.

v t e Largest cities or towns of Netherlands Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek
	Rank		Province	Pop.	Rank	Name	Province	Pop.
Amsterdam Rotterdam	1	Amsterdam	North Holland	808,032	11	Enschede	Overijssel	158,589	The Hague Utrecht
	2	Rotterdam	South Holland	616,042	12	Apeldoorn	Gelderland	157,510
	3	The Hague	South Holland	508,634	13	Haarlem	North Holland	154,600
	4	Utrecht	Utrecht	326,516	14	Arnhem	Gelderland	150,673
	5	Eindhoven	North Brabant	220,836	15	Amersfoort	Utrecht	150,608
	6	Tilburg	North Brabant	209,788	16	Zaanstad	North Holland	150,510
	7	Groningen	Groningen	198,123	17	Haarlemmermeer	North Holland	144,231
	8	Almere	Flevoland	195,845	18	's-Hertogenbosch	North Brabant	143,590
	9	Breda	North Brabant	179,823	19	Zoetermeer	South Holland	123,522
	10	Nijmegen	Gelderland	167,613	20	Zwolle	Overijssel	122,878

Norway

Statistics Norway defines urban areas ("tettsteder") similarly to the other Nordic countries. Unlike in Denmark and Sweden, the distance between each building has to be of less than 50 m, although exceptions are made due to parks, industrial areas, rivers, and similar. Groups of houses less than 400 m from the main body of an urban area are included in the urban area.^[28]

Philippines

With an estimated population of 16.3 M. Metro Manila is the most populous metropolitan area in the Philippines and the 11th in the world. However, the greater urban area is the 5th largest in the world with a population of 20,654,307 people (2010 estimate).^[29] Including Metro Manila, the Philippines has twelve metropolitan areas as defined by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). Metro Angeles, Metro Bacolod, Metro Baguio, Metro Batangas, Metro Cagayan de Oro, Metro Cebu, Metro Dagupan, Metro Davao, MetroGuimaras, MetroIloilo, Metro Naga, Metro Olongapo.

Poland

In Poland, official "urban" population figures simply refer to those localities which have the status of towns (miasta). The "rural" population is that of all areas outside the boundaries of these towns. This distinction may give a misleading impression in some cases, since some localities with only village status may have acquired larger and denser populations than many smaller towns.^[30]

v t e Largest cities or towns of Poland Central Statistical Office population report for 2013
	Rank	Name	Voivodeship	Pop.	Rank	Name	Voivodeship	Pop.
Warsaw Kraków	1	Warsaw	Masovian	1,715,517	11	Białystok	Podlaskie	294,921	Łódź Wrocław
	2	Kraków	Lesser Poland	758,463	12	Gdynia	Pomeranian	248,726
	3	Łódź	Łódź	718,960	13	Częstochowa	Silesian	234,472
	4	Wrocław	Lower Silesian	631,188	14	Radom	Masovian	219,703
	5	Poznań	Greater Poland	550,742	15	Sosnowiec	Silesian	213,513
	6	Gdańsk	Pomeranian	460,427	16	Toruń	Kuyavian-Pomeranian	204 299
	7	Szczecin	West Pomeranian	408,913	17	Kielce	Świętokrzyskie	200,938
	8	Bydgoszcz	Kuyavian-Pomeranian	361,254	18	Gliwice	Silesian	186,210
	9	Lublin	Lublin	347,678	19	Rzeszów	Subcarpathian	182,028
	10	Katowice	Silesian	307,233	20	Zabrze	Silesian	179,452

Russia

In Russia, only the population residing in cities/towns and urban-type settlements is considered to be "urban". The city/town/urban-settlement designation means usually that the majority of the population is employed in areas other than agriculture, but the exact definitions vary from one federal subject to another.

Singapore

Singapore is an island city-state in Southeast Asia. About 5.2 million people live and work within 700 square kilometres (270 sq mi), making Singapore the 3rd-most-densely populated country in the world after Monaco, another city-state. The entire island functions as a single metropolitan area. The city centre near the south of the island is surrounded by satellite towns, parks, reservoirs and industrial estates, which are connected to the centre and each other by a dense network of roads, expressways and metro railway lines dubbed MRT by locals. Singapore has a highly centralised, unitary government with a unicameral legislature (the City Council and the Rural Board were abolished in the 1960s). While there are town councils and mayors in Singapore, these are essentially property managers in charge of the maintenance of public housing within their constituency boundaries. They do not represent local authorities with any legislative or executive autonomy from the national government.

South Africa

v t e Largest cities or towns of South Africa 2011 Census
	Rank	Name	Province	Pop.	Rank	Name	Province	Pop.
Soweto Johannesburg	1	Soweto	Gauteng	1,271,628	11	Randburg	Gauteng	337,053	Pretoria Durban
	2	Johannesburg	Gauteng	957,441	12	Mamelodi	Gauteng	334,577
	3	Pretoria	Gauteng	741,651	13	Roodepoort	Gauteng	326,416
	4	Durban	KwaZulu-Natal	595,061	14	Port Elizabeth	Eastern Cape	312,392
	5	Tembisa	Gauteng	463,109	15	Mitchells Plain	Western Cape	310,485
	6	Cape Town	Western Cape	433,688	16	East London	Eastern Cape	267,007
	7	Katlehong	Gauteng	407,294	17	Boksburg	Gauteng	260,321
	8	Umlazi	KwaZulu-Natal	404,811	18	Bloemfontein	Free State (province)	256,185
	9	Soshanguve	Gauteng	403,162	19	Germiston	Gauteng	255,863
	10	Khayelitsha	Western Cape	391,749	20	iBhayi	Eastern Cape	237,799

South Korea

The largest cities of South Korea have an autonomous status equivalent to that of provinces. Seoul, the largest city and capital, is classified as a teukbyeolsi (Special City), while the next 6 largest cities (see the list below) are classified as gwangyeoksi (Metropolitan Cities; see Special cities of South Korea). Smaller cities are classified as si ("cities") and are under provincial jurisdiction, at the same level as counties (see Administrative divisions of South Korea).

Sweden

Urban areas in Sweden (tätorter) are statistically defined localities, totally independent of the administrative subdivision of the country. There are 1956 such localities in Sweden, with a population ranging from 200 to 1,372,000 inhabitants.^[31]

Taiwan

The figures below are the 2011 estimates for the twenty largest urban populations within administrative city limits; a different ranking exists when considering the total metropolitan area populations (in such rankings the Taipei-Keelung metro area is by far the largest agglomeration).

v t e Largest cities or towns of Taiwan source
	Rank	Name	Division	Pop.
New Taipei Kaohsiung	1	New Taipei	New Taipei City	3,913,595	Taichung Taipei
	2	Kaohsiung	Kaohsiung City	2,773,855
	3	Taichung	Taichung City	2,662,770
	4	Taipei	Taipei City	2,647,122
	5	Tainan	Tainan City	1,876,706
	6	Hsinchu	Hsinchu City	419,384
	7	Taoyuan	Taoyuan County	409,796
	8	Keelung	Keelung City	380,281
	9	Zhongli	Taoyuan County	372,117
	10	Chiayi	Chiayi City	271,594

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom's Office for National Statistics has produced census results from urban areas since 1951, since 1981 based upon the extent of irreversible urban development indicated on Ordnance Survey maps. The definition is an extent of at least 20 ha and at least 1,500 census residents. Separate areas are linked if less than 200 m (220 yd) apart. Included are transportation features.^[32] The UK has five Urban Areas with a population over a million and a further sixty nine with a population over one hundred thousand.

United States

In the United States, there are two categories of urban area. The term urbanized area denotes an urban area of 50,000 or more people. Urban areas under 50,000 people are called urban clusters. Urbanized areas were first delineated in the United States in the 1950 census, while urban clusters were added in the 2000 census. There are 1,371 urban areas and urban clusters with more than 10,000 people.

The U.S. Census Bureau defines an urban area as: "Core census block groups or blocks that have a population density of at least 1,000 people per square mile (386 per square kilometer) and surrounding census blocks that have an overall density of at least 500 people per square mile (193 per square kilometer)."

The largest urban area in the United States is the New York City metropolitan area. The population of the core city exceeds 8 million people, its metropolitan statistical area has a population that is over 19 million, and its combined statistical area population is over 22 million. The next five largest urban areas in the U.S. are Los Angeles, Chicago, Miami, Philadelphia, and Dallas.^[33] About 82 percent of the population of the United States lives within the boundaries of an urbanized area as of December, 2010.^[34] Combined, these areas occupy about 2 percent of the United States. Many Americans live in agglomerations of cities, suburbs, and towns that are adjacent to a metropolitan area's largest city.^{[citation needed]}

The concept of Urbanized Areas as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau is often used as a more accurate gauge of the size of a city, since in different cities and states the lines between city borders and the urbanized area of that city are often not the same. For example, the city of Greenville, South Carolina has a city population over 60,000 and an urbanized area population of over 400,000, while Greensboro, North Carolina has a city population over 200,000 and an urbanized area population of around 310,000 — meaning that Greenville is actually "larger" for some intents and purposes, but not for others, such as taxation, local elections, etc.

In the U.S. Department of Agriculture's natural resources inventory, urban areas are officially known as developed areas or urban and built-up areas. Such areas include cities, ethnic villages, other built-up areas of more than 10 ac (4 ha), industrial sites, railroad yards, cemeteries, airports, golf courses, shooting ranges, institutional and public administration sites, and similar areas. The 1997 national resources inventory placed over 98,000,000 ac (40,000,000 ha) in this category, an increase of 25,000,000 ac (10,000,000 ha) since 1982.^[35]

See also

• Developed environments
  • Central business district
  • City
  • Exurban
  • Global city
  • Metropolitan area
  • Rural
  • Suburban
  • Town
  • Urban agglomeration
• Architecture
• Rapid transit
• Urban biosphere reserve
• Urban climatology
• Urban culture
• Urban decay
• Urban planning
• Urban renewal
• Urban sprawl
• Urbanization

Lists:

• List of metro systems
• List of urban areas by population
• Largest urban areas of the European Union
• List of cities in the People's Republic of China by urban population
• List of United States urban areas
• List of conurbations in the United Kingdom
• Largest urban areas of Norway
• List of urban areas in the Nordic countries
• List of the 100 largest urban areas in Canada by population
• List of urban areas in Denmark by population
• Ranked list of New Zealand main urban areas

References

External links

• United Nations Statistics Division (UNSTAT): Definition of "urban"
• World Urban Areas All identified world urbanized areas 500,000+ and others: Population & Density.
• Geopolis: research group, University of Paris-Diderot, France for world urban areas
• Gridded Population of the World – contains links to urban area definitions and maps for over 230 countries/territories
• City Mayors – The World's Largest Urban Areas in 2006
• City Mayors – The World's Largest Urban Areas Projected for 2020

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