Upsilon Andromedae d

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Upsilon Andromedae d
Extrasolar planet List of extrasolar planets

Artist's impression of Upsilon Andromedae d, portrayed as a class II planet with water vapor clouds, as seen from a hypothetical large moon with liquid water
Parent star
Star Upsilon Andromedae A
Constellation Andromeda
Right ascension (α) 01h 36m 47.8s
Declination (δ) +41° 24′ 20″
Apparent magnitude (mV) 4.09
Distance44.0 ± 0.1 ly
(13.49 ± 0.03 pc)
Spectral type F8V
Mass (m) 1.28 M☉
Radius (r) 1.480 ± 0.087 R☉
Temperature (T) 6074 ± 13.1 K
Metallicity [Fe/H] 0
Age 3.3 Gyr
Orbital elements
Semimajor axis(a) 2.54 ± 0.15 AU
(~380 Gm)
    ~188 mas
Periastron (q) 1.88 ± 0.18 AU
(~282 Gm)
Apastron (Q) 3.19 ± 0.28 AU
(~478 Gm)
Eccentricity (e) 0.299±0.072[1]
Orbital period(P) 1276.46±0.57[1] d
(~3.49626[1] y)
Inclination (i) 23.8 ± 1[2]°
Argument of
periastron		 (ω) 279 ± 10°
Time of periastron (T0) 2,448,827 ± 30 JD
Semi-amplitude (K) 63.4 ± 1.5 m/s
Physical characteristics
Mass(m)3.75±0.54[1] MJ
Discovery information
Discovery date April 15, 1999
Discoverer(s) Butler, Marcy et al.
Discovery method Radial velocity
Discovery site California and Carnegie
Planet Search
 USA
Discovery status Published
Other designations
50 Andromedae d, Upsilon Andromedae Ad
Database references
Extrasolar Planets
Encyclopaedia		data
SIMBADdata

Upsilon Andromedae d is an extrasolar planet orbiting the Sun-like star Upsilon Andromedae A. Its discovery in April 1999 by Geoffrey Marcy and R. Paul Butler made Upsilon Andromedae the first star (other than the pulsar PSR 1257+12 and the Sun) to be known to host a multiple-planet planetary system. Upsilon Andromedae d is the third planet from its star in order of distance and the outermost known planet in its planetary system.

Discovery

Like the majority of known extrasolar planets, Upsilon Andromedae d was detected by measuring variations in its star's radial velocity as a result of the planet's gravity. This was done by making precise measurements of the Doppler shift of the spectrum of Upsilon Andromedae A. At the time of discovery, Upsilon Andromedae A was already known to host one extrasolar planet, the hot Jupiter Upsilon Andromedae b; however, by 1999, it was clear that the inner planet could not explain the velocity curve.

In 1999, astronomers at both San Francisco State University and the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics independently concluded that a three-planet model best fit the data.[3] The two new planets were designated Upsilon Andromedae c and Upsilon Andromedae d.

Orbit and mass

Like the majority of long-period extrasolar planets, Upsilon Andromedae d revolves around its star in an eccentric orbit, more eccentric than that of any of the major planets in our solar system (including Pluto).[4] The orbit's semimajor axis puts the planet in the habitable zone of Upsilon Andromedae A.[5]

To explain the planet's orbital eccentricity, some have proposed a close encounter with a (now lost) outer planet of Upsilon Andromedae A. The encounter would have moved Upsilon Andromedae d into an eccentric orbit closer to the star and ejected the outer planet from the system. Subsequently gravitational perturbations from Upsilon Andromedae d moved the inner planet Upsilon Andromedae c into its present eccentric orbit.[6] If so the rogue planet would have had to eject immediately; it is unclear how likely this situation might be. Other models are possible.[7]

A limitation of the radial velocity method used to detect Upsilon Andromedae d is that the orbital inclination is unknown, and only a lower limit on the planet's mass can be obtained. However, by combining radial velocity measurements from ground-based telescopes with astrometric data from the Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers have determined the orbital inclination as well as the actual mass of Upsilon Andromedae d, which is about 10.25 times the mass of Jupiter.[2]

Preliminary astrometric measurements suggest the orbit of Upsilon Andromedae d may be inclined at 155.5° to the plane of the sky.[8] However, these measurements were later proved useful only for upper limits;[9] worthless for HD 192263 b and probably 55 Cancri c, and contradict even the inner planet u And b's inclination of >30°. The mutual inclination between c and d meanwhile is 29.9 degrees.[2]

Characteristics

Given the planet's high mass, it is likely that it is a gas giant with no solid surface and surface gravity of over 25 times that of Earth. Since the planet has only been detected indirectly through observations of its star, properties such as its radius, composition, and temperature are unknown.

Upsilon Andromedae d lies in the habitable zone of Upsilon Andromedae A as defined both by the ability for an Earthlike world to retain liquid water at its surface and based on the amount of ultraviolet radiation received from the star.[5]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Ligi, R. et al. (2012). A new interferometric study of four exoplanet host stars : θ Cygni, 14 Andromedae, υ Andromedae and 42 Draconis. arXiv:1208.3895. Bibcode:2012A&A...545A...5L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219467. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 McArthur, Barbara E. et al. (2010). New Observational Constraints on the υ Andromedae System with Data from the Hubble Space Telescope and Hobby Eberly Telescope (PDF). Bibcode:2010ApJ...715.1203M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/715/2/1203. 
  3. ↑ Butler et al.; Marcy, Geoffrey W.; Fischer, Debra A.; Brown, Timothy M.; Contos, Adam R.; Korzennik, Sylvain G.; Nisenson, Peter; Noyes, Robert W. (1999). "Evidence for Multiple Companions to υ Andromedae". The Astrophysical Journal 526 (2): 916–927. Bibcode:1999ApJ...526..916B. doi:10.1086/308035. 
  4. ↑ Butler, R. et al. (2006). "Catalog of Nearby Exoplanets". The Astrophysical Journal 646 (1): 505–522. arXiv:astro-ph/0607493. Bibcode:2006ApJ...646..505B. doi:10.1086/504701.  (web version)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Buccino, A. et al. (2006). "Ultraviolet Radiation Constraints around the Circumstellar Habitable Zones". Icarus 183 (2): 491–503. arXiv:astro-ph/0512291. Bibcode:2005astro.ph.12291B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.03.007. 
  6. ↑ Ford, E. et al. (2005). "Planet-planet scattering in the upsilon Andromedae system". Nature 434 (7035): 873–876. arXiv:astro-ph/0502441. Bibcode:2005Natur.434..873F. doi:10.1038/nature03427. PMID 15829958. 
  7. ↑ Rory Barnes; Richard Greenberg (2008). "Extrasolar Planet Interactions". arXiv:0801.3226v1 [astro-ph].
  8. ↑ Han et al.; Black, David C.; Gatewood, George (2001). "Preliminary Astrometric Masses for Proposed Extrasolar Planetary Companions". The Astrophysical Journal 548 (1): L57–L60. Bibcode:2001ApJ...548L..57H. doi:10.1086/318927. 
  9. ↑ Pourbaix, D. and Arenou, F. (2001). "Screening the Hipparcos-based astrometric orbits of sub-stellar objects". Astronomy and Astrophysics 372 (3): 935–944. arXiv:astro-ph/0104412. Bibcode:2001A&A...372..935P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010597. 

See also

Upsilon Andromedae b Upsilon Andromedae c Upsilon Andromedae d Upsilon Andromedae e Upsilon Andromedae.png
  • Upsilon Andromedae A
  • Upsilon Andromedae B

Coordinates: 01h 36m 47.8s, +41° 24′ 20″

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