University of Zimbabwe

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University of Zimbabwe
Motto Knowledge Diligence, Integrity
Established 1952
Type Public
Chancellor Robert Mugabe ex officio as President of Zimbabwe[1]
Vice-Chancellor Prof Levi Nyagura
Academic staff 34 professors, 35 associate professors, 545 lecturers, 155 teaching and research assistants (2011)[2]
Undergraduates 11,200
Postgraduates 500
Location Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
Campus Urban
Former names University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, University College of Rhodesia, University of Rhodesia, University of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia
Website www2.uz.ac.zw

The University of Zimbabwe (UZ) in Harare, is the oldest and largest university in Zimbabwe.[3] It was founded through a special relationship with the University of London and it opened its doors to its first students in 1952. The university has ten faculties offering a wide variety of degree programmes and many specialist research centres and institutes. The university is accredited through the National Council for Higher Education, under the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education. English is the language of instruction. Although once a very successful university, UZ has been facing challenges around 2008 and now the University is on a rebounding drive. Major work is being done to uplift the status of the University. Refurbishments are being carried out on the Main campus and many facilities are being upgraded to make the university an International Academic Brand.

Campuses

Social gathering on the edge of the College Green, University of Zimbabwe

The main campus of the University of Zimbabwe is located in Mount Pleasant suburb in northern Harare. It forms the main portion of the block of land reserved for educational purposes between Mount Pleasant Drive, Upper East Road, Churchill Avenue and Teviotdale Road. Other facilities within this area include the Zimbabwe Schools Examination Council, the Ministry of Education, Sports and Culture Audio-Visual Centre and Mount Pleasant School.[4] In addition to the academic buildings, the main campus is host to sporting facilities, all but two student residences and much of the staff housing. The College Green, located centrally to the academic buildings, is a popular site for social events. About one third of the campus is a seasonal wetland, unsuitable for construction and thus unused.[5]

The major satellite campus is the Medical School campus at Parirenyatwa Hospital in central Harare.[4] It houses the College of Health Sciences. Additional university properties within Harare include blocks of flats for staff and student housing in Avondale, the Avenues and Mount Pleasant.

The university also owns a farm in Teviotdale, Mazowe District, north of Harare[6] and the University of Zimbabwe Lake Kariba Research Station in the Nyamhunga suburb of Kariba.[7] Several of Zimbabwe's universities started as colleges and satellite campuses of UZ, including Bindura University of Science Education and Chinhoyi University of Technology.

History

Council room of the University of Zimbabwe. Portraits of former Vice-Chancellors from left to right: Robert Craig, Leonard Lewis, Walter Kamba and Gordon Chavunduka.

In 1945, Manfred Hodson (after whom a residence is now named) formed the Rhodesia University Association, inspired by the promise of £20,000 by J.F. Kapnek for establishing such a university. [8] The following year, the Legislative Assembly of Southern Rhodesia adopted a motion proposed by Hodson for the establishment of a university college to serve the needs of Rhodesia and neighbouring territories. The Governor of Southern Rhodesia established the Rhodesia University Foundation Fund in 1947. The Legislative Assembly accepted an offer of land in Mount Pleasant from the City of Salisbury (now Harare) for the construction of the campus in 1948. Four years later a bill was enacted for the incorporation and constitution of the university. First classes began for some 68 students on a temporary site at 147 Baker Avenue (now Nelson Mandela Avenue).[3] Independent of the initiatives of Hodson and the Legislative Assembly, the Central African Council's commission on higher education, led by Sir Alexander Carr-Saunders (after whom another residence is now named) recommended the establishment of a university college to serve Rhodesia and Nyasaland, with its first preference being to integrate with the Southern Rhodesian initiative.[8]

Construction began on the Mount Pleasant site, funded by grants from the British and Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Governments, Anglo American Corporation, the British South Africa Company, the Rhodesia Selection Trust, the Beit Trust, the Ford Foundation and the Dulverton Trust and in July 1953 Elizabeth, the Queen Mother laid the foundation stone. In 1955 the British government formally adopted the institution, establishing the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland by Royal Charter. The college was admitted to the privilege of Special Relation with the University of London the following year and in 1957 all activities were transferred to the Mount Pleasant campus. The following year the college was granted pieces of land upon which the college farm and the Lake Kariba Research Station were constructed.[8] In 1963 the Medical School opened and was affiliated to the University of Birmingham. After the dissolution of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, the University College continued as an independent institution of higher education and research, open to all races.[3] In 1970 a phased termination of the associations with the Universities of London and Birmingham began, leading to the achievement of university status as the University of Rhodesia, renamed University of Zimbabwe at independence in 1980. In 1981, the first black Principal, Prof Walter Kamba was appointed[2][9] and in 1982 the Royal Charter was replaced by an Act of Parliament.[1] Student numbers rose from 1,000 in 1980 to 2,000 by 1985.[10]

The University of Zimbabwe Act was controversially amended in 1990, giving the government more powers and, according to many faculty, students and observers, attacking academic freedom.[11][12] The late 1980s and most of the 1990s saw a rise in student protest,[13][14][15] resulting in several closures [16] and mass explusions.[17] Despite the ongoing tensions, the university continued to grow and the student population had reached 8,000 by 1995[10] and 10,139 by 2001.[3] As the 2000s began, the university struggled to meet lecturers' and professors' expectations on salary levels, leading to numerous strikes.[18] Many donors, including the Government of Sweden, which had previously been a major financer of UZ, cut or cancelled their aid.[19] As the economic crisis grew in Zimbabwe, UZ began to fail to recruit lecturers and professors to fill vacancies.[20] By 2007, the shortage of staff was preventing the teaching and examination of some programmes.[21] Problems with water and electricity supply, as well as maintenance of infrastructure became critical by the late 2000s.[21] The decline of UZ culminated in the university's failure to re-open for the 2008–2009 academic year.[22] The University briefly opened in early 2009, but no classes were held due to strike action by lecturers.[23] The institution was closed again in late February, following demonstrations by students against new, hard currency fees.[24]

Ranking

Although UZ has not generally featured in major international rankings such as the Times Higher Education Supplement QS World University Rankings or the Academic Ranking of World Universities, the World Universities Ranking placed the university number 14 in Africa in 2007, after various South African universities, the American University in Cairo and the University of Dar-es-Salaam, and number 3,549 out of 9,760 accredited universities in the world.[25] By 2008, UZ had slid to number 17 in Africa and number 4,001 globally.[26] In 2010, according to University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP),[27] University of Zimbabwe is the best university in Zimbabwe and 1340th university in the world.

Organisation

Central governance

The titular head of the university is the Chancellor, who is the President of Zimbabwe. The university is governed by a University Council, comprising the university's chief officers, representatives of the Senate, staff and students, nominees of the Minister of Higher and Tertiary Education and representatives form various sectors of commerce and civil society. The chief executive of the university is the Vice–Chancellor, who is appointed by the Chancellor after consultation with the Minister of Higher and Tertiary Education and the University Council. The Vice–Chancellor is assisted by one or more Pro–Vice–Chancellors, appointed by the University Council with the approval of the Minister of Higher and Tertiary Education.[1]

The academic authority of the university is vested in the Senate, comprising the university's chief officers, the deans of faculties, all full professors, the chairmen of departments and staff and student representatives. The university is divided into faculties, managed by an executive dean and governed by a Faculty Board comprising all professors and lecturers.[1]

Faculties

There are ten academic faculties:

Faculty Departments Institutes Centres
Agriculture Agricultural Economics and Extension
Animal Science
Crop Science
Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering
Arts African languages and Literature
English
Economic History
History
Linguistics
Modern Languages
Religious Studies, Classics and Philosophy
Theatre arts		 African languages research institute
Confucius Institute		 Communication Skills Centre
Centre for Defence Studies
College of Health Sciences Medical Laboratory Sciences

Surgery
Anaesthetic
Community Medicine
Chemical Pathology
Clinical Pharmacology
Haematology
Medical Microbilogy
Obstretics & Gynaecology
Physiology

Institute of Continuing Health Education
Commerce Accountancy
Business Studies
Graduate School of Management
Education Adult Education
Curriculum and Arts Education
Education Foundations
Science Education
Teacher Education
Technical Education		 Human Resources Research Centre
Engineering Civil Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Geoinformatics and Surveying
Mechanical Engineering
Metallurgy
Mining Engineering		 Centre for Continuing Engineering Education
Law Constitutional law
Private law
Procedural law
Public law		 Commercial law Institute
Women's Law Institute of Southern Africa
Science Biological Sciences
Biochemistry
Chemistry
Computer Science
Food, Nutrition and Family Sciences
Geology
Mathematics
Physics
Statistics
Geography and Environmental Science		 Institute of Mining Research Mineral Resources Centre
Social Studies Economics
Political and Administrative Studies
Psychology
Rural and Urban Planning
Sociology		 Centre for Applied Social Studies
Centre for Population Studies
Veterinary Science Preclinical Veterinary Science
Clinical Veterinary Science
Paraclinical Veterinary Science

Colleges

The university currently has one college, the College of Health Sciences which incorporates the Faculty of Medicine. However, many of Zimbabwe's public universities started as colleges of the University of Zimbabwe:

Former college of the University of Zimbabwe Current University
Bindura University College for Science Education Bindura University of Science Education
Chinhoyi University College Chinhoyi University of Technology
University College of Distance Education[28] Zimbabwe Open University
Faculty of Engineering graduation ceremony, University of Zimbabwe, August 2005.

Trans-disciplinary institutes

The university has two trans-disciplinary research institutes: the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) and the Institute of Environmental Studies (IES).

Affiliated institutions

There are numerous education institutions affiliated to the University of Zimbabwe, including teacher training colleges [1] and the School of Social Work.

Academic year

The academic year runs from August to June, with graduation normally in July.

Teaching and degrees

Undergraduate

Undergraduate geology field school in Mazowe District, Bachelor of Science programme, University of Zimbabwe.

The basic format of undergraduate learning at UZ is lectures, by professors or lecturers and tutorials by lecturers of teaching assistants. Many programmes also have laboratory-based practical work and field schools. Tests and assignments on course content are graded for a theory coursework grade. Practical work, where applicable, is graded for a practical coursework grade. Theory, and in some cases practical, examinations are administered.

The degree programmes follow the Course Unit model, and in many programmes it is possible for students to select some of the courses from a range of options. Honours degrees have a compulsory project course that the students must complete individually, with different projects carried out by each student.[29]

The undergraduate programmes offered lead to Bachelor, Bachelor (Honours) and Intercalated Bachelor degrees. Registered Bachelor degree programmes are in arts, business studies and computer science, tourism and hospitality management, education, adult education, science education, nursing science, science, social work, dental surgery, medicine and surgery and veterinary science. Registered undergraduate Bachelor (Honours) programmes are in agriculture, agricultural engineering, applied environmental science, arts, accountancy, business studies, law, engineering, mining engineering, surveying, medical laboratory sciences, nursing science, pharmacy, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, science, economics, politics and administration, psychology, rural and urban planning, and sociology. Registered intercalated programmes are in anatomy, human physiology, veterinary anatomy, veterinary physiology and veterinary biochemistry.[30]

Postgraduate

Postgraduate water resources students in the Faculty of Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, with their professors and lecturers.

The University of Zimbabwe offers postgraduate honours degrees, two types of masters degree and doctoral degrees. Postgraduate honours programmes, also known as special honours programmes last are for one year duration and incorporate coursework, examinations and a compulsory project module. Masters degrees by coursework and project are designated M.A. or M.Sc. and are of one to two years duration. They incorporate coursework and project modules. Masters degrees by research thesis only are designated M.Phil. and require a minimum of two years study. The doctoral programme, D.Phil., is by research thesis only. Students who are carrying out an M.Phil. study, but have not yet submitted their thesis, may apply to their faculty to upgrade their study to the D.Phil. programme.[31]

Suspension of programmes

Due to the heavy staff vacancies that UZ began suffering from in the 2000s, many programmes and specialisations have been suspended.[21]

Student life

Benjani Mwaruwari played football at the University of Zimbabwe.

Residences

On the main campus there are five residences for women: Carr-Saunders Hall, Swinton Hall and New Complexes 2 to 4, and three residences for men: Manfred Hodson Hall, New Complex 1 and New Complex 5. New Hall is mixed and mainly reserved for international students. There is also the Medical Residence at the Medical School campus and Mount Royal Residence in the Avenues, in central Harare. The residences were closed in June 2007, with the university authorities citing maintenance and sanitation problems.[21]

Sports, clubs and traditions

The university has a target of at least one current or former UZ student representing the country in a medal winning sports team in international competitions annually.[32] Sport at UZ is centred around the Sports Pavilion, which was built with a donation from Rhodesia (now National) Breweries.[8] Sports offered at the university include athletics, basketball, cricket, football, hockey, rugby and tennis. UZ has frequently won the Zimbabwe Universities Sports Association Games.[33] In its early years, men's hockey was the premier sport, with a team in Salisbury's "First League" in 1960[34] - i.e., at a time when the national team was participating creditably in international events.[35] The University of Zimbabwe Football Club plays in Zimbabwe's Division One and is the former home of Manchester City striker and Zimbabwe national football team captain, Benjani Mwaruwari.[36] The club was for a time coached by former President Canaan Banana.[37] When Zimbabwe hosted the All-Africa Games in 1995, UZ was the games village.[38] Maintenance of sporting facilities is the responsibility of the Director: Sport, but in recent years accessing funds from the State Procurement Board has been a challenge.[32]

In most departments there are subject–related clubs or societies, for example the Kirk Biological Society [39] and the AIESEC and Students Institution for Success Club.[40] In 2005, UZ won the Students in Free Enterprise World Cup held in Ontario, Canada. There are also non–academic clubs such as Rotaract[41]

Gender issues

The gender gap in enrollment at UZ, like at African universities,[42] became a concern by the mid-1990s and in 1995 an affirmative action programme was built into the university's policy.[43] However, many female students feel inhibited from taking male-dominated courses or taking part in student politics. Women are intimidated by gender–related violence[42] and sexual exploitation.[44]

University of Zimbabwe people

Vice–Chancellors and principals

The first chief executive of the university was Doctor William Rollo, who served as interim principal from 1953 to 1955.[8] The first substantive Principal was Sir Walter Adams who served from 1955 to 1966 and was later Director of the London School of Economics. Sir Walter was succeeded by Professor Terence Miller, who lasted a mere two years as his political views brought him into conflict with the government.[45] His successor, Professor Robert Craig, later Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, served from 1970 to 1980.[46] Professor Leonard J Lewis served as Principal for the transition to Zimbabwe's independence, despite his somewhat controversial views on African education and politics.[47] He was succeeded in 1981 by Professor Walter G Kamba, who became Vice–Chancellor when that post was created to replace that of Principal.[1] Like Prof Miller, Prof Kamba came into conflict with the government and he resigned in a controversial speech at the 1992 graduation ceremony, citing government interference and threats to academic freedom.[48] He was succeeded by Professor Gordon L Chavunduka (1992–1996), who was followed by Professor FW Graham Hill (1997–2002). The incumbent Vice–Chancellor, Professor Levi M Nyagura has served since 2003[49]

Notable faculty and former faculty

David Simbi (right), Vice–Chancellor of the Chinhoyi University of Technology, was Dean of Engineering at the University of Zimbabwe.

Several senior faculty from the University of Zimbabwe have gone on to head other universities:

Name Position after leaving UZ University
Sir Walter Adams Director London School of Economics[3]
Ngwabi Bhebhe Vice–Chancellor Midlands State University, Zimbabwe[50]
Cowdeng Chikomba Vice–Chancellor Bindura University of Science Education, Zimbabwe[51]
Peter Dzvimbo Vice–Chancellor
Rector		 Zimbabwe Open University,[52] Zimbabwe
African Virtual University[53][54]
Phineas Makhurane Vice–Chancellor National University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe[55]
Lindela Ndlovu Vice–Chancellor National University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe[56]
Emmanuel Ngara Pro–Vice–Chancellor
Pro–Vice–Chancellor		 University of Fort Hare, South Africa[57]
University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa[58]
Charles Nherera Vice–Chancellor Chinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe[59]
David Simbi Vice–Chancellor Chinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe[60]
Julius Weinberg Vice–Chancellor Kingston University, UK.[61]

Other notable faculty and former faculty include:

Prof Canaan Banana, first President of Zimbabwe, was a professor of Religious Studies at the University of Zimbabwe.
Name Notability
Giovanni Arrighi Scholar of political economy and sociology and was a Professor of Sociology at Johns Hopkins University[62]
Canaan Banana Zimbabwe's first president
David Beach Historian, pioneered the documentation of oral traditions in Zimbabwe.[63]
Korkut Boratav Turkish economist and economic historian[64]
Christopher Chetsanga Biochemist, discovered two enzymes involved in the repair of damaged DNA[65][66]
Ignatius Chombo Zimbabwe Minister of Local Government, Public Works and Urban Development.[67]
Member of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe for Zvimba North (ZANU-PF)[68]
Henry Dzinotyiweyi Mathematician[69]

Minister of Science and Technology Development in the Zimbabwe Government of National Unity of 2009.[70]
Member of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe for Budiriro (MDC-T)[71]

Peter Garlake Archaeologist,[63] came into conflict with the Rhodesian government while Inspector of Monuments when he refused to deny the African origins of Great Zimbabwe[72]
Michael Gelfand Professor of Medicine and eminent tropical physician that founded the Central African Medical Journal and was knighted by the Pope[73]
Shadrack Gutto Director and Chair of African Renaissance Studies, University of South Africa[74]
Deported from Zimbabwe in 1988.[75]
Munyaradzi Gwisai Former Member of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe for Highfield, Harare (MDC)[76] and leader of the International Socialist Organization in Zimbabwe. He left the MDC over disagreements on land reform policy.[77] Arrested from his lecture in UZ's Law School for showing internet videos regarding revolutions in North Africa [78]
Adrian Hastings Church historian and an unorthodox Catholic priest [79]
Ben Hlatwayo High court judge[80]
Laurence Levy First neurosurgeon in Africa [81]
Lovemore Madhuku Political activist, chairman of the National Constitutional Assembly of Zimbabwe [82]
Rita Makarau Judge-president of the High Court of Zimbabwe[83]
Rudo Makunike Zimbabwe's first female pathologist [84]
Jonathan Moyo Former cabinet minister
Member of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe for Tsholotsho (independent)[68]
Elphas Mukonoweshuro Political scientist

Minister of Public Service in the Zimbabwe Government of National Unity of 2009.[70]
Member of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe for Gutu South(MDC-T)[85]

Charles Mungoshi Novelist, won the Noma Award and the Commonwealth Writers Prize[86]
Solomon Mutswairo Novelist, poet and author of the lyrics of the Zimbabwe national anthem [87]
Rob Nairn Buddhist teacher, author and populariser[88]
Welshman Ncube Constitutional lawyer, Secretary-General of MDC-M


Minister of Regional Integration and International Cooperation in the Zimbabwe Government of National Unity of 2009.[70]
Former Member of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe for Pumula (MDC)[68]

Terence Ranger Prominent historian who has published numerous works on Zimbabwe's independence struggles[89]

[90]

Sir Malcolm Leslie Rifkind British Conservative politician and formerly a UK Member of Parliament [91]
Brian Walker Canadian ecologist and resilence scientist[92]
Musaemura Zimunya Contemporary writer[87]

Notable alumni

As Zimbabwe's largest and oldest university,[3] UZ is the alma mater of many outstanding individuals:

Dr Fay Chung, former Zimbabwean cabinet minister, studied education at the University of Zimbabwe.
Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe Governor Gideon Gono, is a University of Zimbabwe graduate.
Name Notability
Douglas Allen Professor and International MBA Director, University of Denver
Sir Michael Berridge Emeritus fellow Babraham Institute, biologist and physiologist; awarded Lasker Award, The Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine, Wolf Prize, etc. for discoveries relating to cell signaling [93]
Tendai Biti Member of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe for Harare East (MDC-T) and party Secretary-General[68]

Minister of Finance in the Zimbabwe Government of National Unity of 2009.[70]

Nelson Chamisa Member of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe for Kuwadzana (MDC-T)[94]

Minister of Information and Communications Technology in the Zimbabwe Government of National Unity of 2009.[70]

David Chifunyise Musician, author of the signature tune of popular soap opera Studio 263
Pride Chigwedere Medical doctor and immunologist, notable for leading a group of Harvard researcher's in showing that Thabo Mbeki's AIDS policy lead to about 300 000 deaths that could have been avoided [95]
George Chikumbirike Prominent lawyer [96]
Chirikure Chirikure Poet, songwriter, and writer
George Chiweshe High court judge and president of the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission
Fay Chung Former Minister of Education and Culture and non-constituency Member of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe (ZANU-PF)
Former Chief of the Education Cluster at UNICEF
Board Chair, Women's University in Africa[97]
Unsuccessful candidate for the Senate of Zimbabwe for Chikomo (NAD)[94]
Tsitsi Dangarembga Author and filmmaker[98]
James Duffy Neuropsychiatrist and palliative medicine physician
Petina Gappah Lawyer, Geneva, winner of the Guardian First Book Award 2009 for An Elegy for Easterly [99]
Gideon Gono Governor of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe and former CEO of Jewel Bank[100]
Julian Harston Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General heading MINURSO
Chenjerai Hove Poet, novelist and essayist
Brian Kagoro Political activist
Betty Makoni Gender activist, top 10 CNN Heroes 2009
Witness Mangwende Former Minister of Education and Culture, Governor of Harare and non-constituency Member of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe (ZANU-PF),
Dambudzo Marechera Novelist and poet
John McDowell Philosopher of mind and language
Paul Tangi Mhova Mkondo Nationalist, philanthropist, founding father of indigenisation and Black Economic Empowerment in Zimbabwe, businessman, insurance and property tycoon
Daniel Molokela Political activist
Earnest Mudzengi Director of the Zimbabwean National Constitutional Assembly (NCA)[101]
Arthur Mutambara Rhodes Scholar and roboticist, formerly at NASA
Deputy Prime Minister of Zimbabwe, unsuccessful candidate for the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe for Zengesa East (MDC-M) and party President[94]
Tawanda Mutasah Chair of IDAZIM, founder Chair and Convenor of the National Constitutional Assembly
Trevor Ncube Entrepreneur and newspaper publisher
Albert Nyathi Poet
Moffat Nyoni Deputy Director General Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT)
Shafimana Ueitele Namibian lawyer
Viomak Musician and political activist
Lulama Xingwana South Africa politician, Minister of Arts and Culture, but she has also served in another ministry[102]

References

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  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gaidzanwa, R.B. (2007). "Alienation, Gender and Institutional Culture at the University of Zimbabwe" (pdf). Feminist Africa (Cape Town: African Gender Institute) 8: 60–82. ISSN 1726-4596. Retrieved 2009-01-08. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 University of Zimbabwe. "About UZ". Retrieved 2009-01-02. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Surveyor General, Zimbabwe. Street Map of Harare (Map) (2002 ed.).
  5. ↑ University of Zimbabwe Department of Physical Planning. Map of the University of Zimbabwe (Map) (2000 ed.).
  6. ↑ Surveyor General, Zimbabwe. 1:250,0000 Series: Harare (Map) (1998 ed.).
  7. ↑ Surveyor General, Zimbabwe. 1:250,0000 Series: Kariba (Map) (1998 ed.).
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  16. ↑ "Mugabe Urged to Reopen College". The New York Times. 10 Oct 1989. Retrieved 2009-01-08. 
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  29. ↑ University of Zimbabwe Academic Registry. (2005) General Academic Regulations for Undergraduate Degrees of the University of Zimbabwe.
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  31. ↑ University of Zimbabwe (2006). "Postgraduate Prospectus of the University of Zimbabwe". Retrieved 2009-01-02. 
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  33. ↑ "Every Monday". 17 May 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-09. 
  34. ↑ . The Rhodesia Herald (Daily), 1960.  Missing or empty |title= (help)
  35. ↑ url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics
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  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Female scholars' suffering revealed". Times Higher Education. 1 Apr 2005. Retrieved 2009-01-08. 
  43. ↑ "Affirmative Action Overdue in Zimbabwe". IPS. 7 Mar 1995. Retrieved 2009-01-08. 
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  49. ↑ "Vice Chancellor". http://www2.uz.ac.zw. University of Zimbabwe. Retrieved 20 December 2011. 
  50. ↑ Midlands State University. "MSU Principal Officers". Retrieved 2009-01-06. 
  51. ↑ Bindura University of Science Education. "About". Retrieved 2008-12-16. 
  52. ↑ "About ZOU". ZOU. Retrieved 1 August 2012. 
  53. ↑ Dzvimbo, K. P. (1 Apr 2005). "Kuzvinetsa Peter Dzvimbo - African Virtual University (AVU)". Connect World. Retrieved 2009-01-06. 
  54. ↑ "The African Virtual University | Interview with the Rector, Mr. Kuzvinetsa Peter Dzvimbo". eLearning Africa News Portal. 3 March 2006. Retrieved 1 August 2012. 
  55. ↑ National University of Science and Technology. "About NUST". Retrieved 2009-01-06. 
  56. ↑ National University of Science and Technology. "Professor Lindela Rowland Ndlovu". Retrieved 2009-01-06. 
  57. ↑ "Region must rationalise universities". Reuters. 18 Aug 1994. Retrieved 2009-01-06. 
  58. ↑ "New SRC elected". University of KwaZulu-Natal. Jun 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-06. 
  59. ↑ Nherera, C.. "Professor Charles Nherera : student 1991 - 1994". Institute of Education, University of London. Retrieved 2009-01-18. 
  60. ↑ Chinhoyi University of Technology. "Welcome message from the Vice Chancellor". Retrieved 2009-01-06. 
  61. ↑ Kingston University London. "Julius Weinberg - Vice-Chancellor - Kingston University". Retrieved 2011-04-04. 
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