University of Mannheim

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Not to be confused with Mannheim University of Applied Sciences.
University of Mannheim
Universität Mannheim

Seal of the UMA
Motto In Omnibus Veritas Suprema Lex Esto (Latin)
Motto in English Truth in everything should be the supreme law
Established 1763: Theodoro Palatinae
1907: Handelshochschule
1967: Universität Mannheim
Type Public
Endowment €115 million
Chancellor Dr. iur. Susann-Annette Storm
Rector Prof. Dr. Ernst-Ludwig von Thadden
Academic staff 800 (full time)
Admin. staff 550 (full time)
Students 11,880 (HWS 2012)[1]
Undergraduates 6,915[1]
Postgraduates 4,965[1]
Doctoral students 249[1]
Location Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
49°29′00″N 8°27′53″E / 49.4832°N 8.4647°E / 49.4832; 8.4647Coordinates: 49°29′00″N 8°27′53″E / 49.4832°N 8.4647°E / 49.4832; 8.4647
Campus Urban (Mannheim Palace), 74 acres (0.3 km²)[2]
Newspaper The UniMAgazin
The ForUM
Colors
                   
Mascot Udo the Red Panda[3]
Affiliations German Universities Excellence Initiative
EQUIS
AACSB
AMBA
ENTER
CFA
IAU
DFG
Website uni-mannheim.de

The University of Mannheim (in German: Universität Mannheim), also known as UMA, is a public research university situated in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Founded in 1967 the university has its origins in the 1763 established Theodoro Palatinae (Palatine Academy of the Sciences Mannheim) and the Handelshochschule (Commercial College Mannheim) that dates back to 1907. It offers a wide range of undergraduate and graduate programs as well as Ph.D degrees within business administration, economics, law, social sciences, humanities, mathematics, computer science and information systems – all with an interdisciplinary and international focus. The University of Mannheim's campus is located in the city center of Mannheim and mainly centers around its main campus – the Mannheim Palace (completed in 1760). The university has around 11,880 full-time students, 800 scholars enrolled, 800 academic staff and a total income of more than €115 million in 2012.[4] It is organized into 5 academic departments and 2 academic colleges.

The UMA is considered to have the by far best and most prestigious business school in Germany and is consistently ranked #1 in national university rankings and among the top business schools worldwide for its business administration and economics programs.[5][6][7][8] Moreover, the university's programs for social sciences, politics as well as business informatics rank nationwide within the Top 3 and its programs for law and computer science within the Top 10.[9][10][11]

The University of Mannheim is a member of the German Universities Excellence Initiative, the International Association of Universities, the European Network for Training Economic Research, the German Research Foundation (DFG), and it is accredited by the European Quality Improvement System (EQUIS), the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) as well as the Association of MBAs (AMBA).[12]

History

The University of Mannheim as it is known today can be dated back to the beginning of the 20th century and its history is closely tied to the history of its main campus – Mannheim's baroque palace.

The palace itself dates back to the early 18th century. When Elector Palatine Karl Philip III. had confessional controversies with the inhabitants of his capital city Heidelberg, he decided to make Mannheim the Palatinate's new capital in year 1720.
Layout of the Mannheim Palace in 1725
Karl Philip III. decided subsequently to construct a new palace as his residence on the site of the old Friedrichsburg. It was part of a general trend among the German princes to create grand new residences in that era.
Charles Theodore, Count Palatine of Sulzbach and Founder of the "Theodoro-Palatinae"

The construction of the palace was commenced solemnly on 2 June in 1720. The overall building process was intended to cost about 300,000 Gulden, financed by an extraordinary "palace tax" (Schlossbausteuer), but in the end, the palace cost totalled more than 2,000,000 Gulden and severely worsened the Palatinate's financial situation. The first administrative institutions began using the Mannheim palace in 1725, but Karl Philip III. was able to transfer his court to the new residence only in 1731. The final construction was not completed until 1760. Karl Philip died in 1742 and was succeeded by a distant relative, the young Count Palatine of Sulzbach and later Duke of Bavaria Karl Theodor. In 1763, Prince Carl Theodor established the Palatine Academy of the Sciences Mannheim (Kurpfälzische Akademie der Wissenschaften). The so-called "Theodoro-Palatinae" concentrated on the teaching of Science and History, and soon earned itself a reputation which reached far beyond the borders of Karl Theodor's realm. In 1778, a second school was established at Mannheim's palace – the Commercial School (Großherzogliche Handelsschule) – that served as school for merchant sons and which was later named into "Grand-Ducal Commercial Academy". Not only the palace, but also the city of Mannheim saw their zenith during Karl Philipp's reign. The glamour of the Elector's court and Mannheim's then famous cultural life lasted until 1778, when Karl Theodor became Elector of Bavaria by inheritance and he moved his court to Munich. Although Mannheim kept the title of "residence", the palace was used merely as accommodation for several administrative bodies.

Things worsened further during the Napoleonic Wars, when Mannheim was besieged. During Napoleon's reorganization of Germany, the Electorate of the Palatinate was split up and Mannheim became part of the Grand Duchy of Baden, thus losing its capital/residence status. The consequences of religious strife and the Napoleonic Wars put an end to the "Theodoro-Palatina". Several years later, the "Grand-Ducal Commercial Academy" was closed in 1817 as well. For most of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the palace served no uniform purpose, being used as a representative building and a museum for the city. Although there was no continuous existence of a scientific college in Mannheim, the newly established Handelshochschule, or Municipal Commercial College, founded in 1907, saw itself in the tradition of Karl Theodor's earlier colleges.
The Mannheim Palace before 1914
The "Handelshochschule" built the foundation for University of Mannheim, although it was closed down in 1933.[13] In World War II, the Mannheim palace was heavily bombed and widely devastated – only its external walls survived. Many people supported demolishing it entirely after the war to create additional space for a more modern city architecture. These plans were abolished and the palace was reconstructed instead. In 1946, the "Handelshochschule" reopened as the "State College for Economics" with a student body of 545 students in the school's first year. Ten years later, the "State College for Economics" moved into the east wing of the rebuilt palace. The other rooms of the old Residence were occupied by government officials whose offices were still in ruins after the war.[13] In 1963, the "State College for Economics" extended its subject program faculties to a total of three – Business Administration and Social Sciences, Philosophy-Philological Sciences and Law – and subsequently gained the status as "university" on July, 4 in 1967.
The University of Mannheim today
Following the new status the council of ministers of the federal state of Baden-Württemberg decided to rename the State College into the "University of Mannheim" (Universität Mannheim). The University of Mannheim experienced continuous growth in both recognition and size. While there were only 3,150 students registered in 1967, the number of students tripled by the time of the mid-nineties counting more than 10,000 students.[14] In 2012, the university's student body has reached its all-time high with more than 12,000 students.

The emphasis at the University of Mannheim has always remained on business and economics, although teaching was broadened to further disciplines. In recent years, a policy referred to as "profile sharpening" (Profilschärfung) has been introduced to lift this reputation to a European level. The closing of majors such as geography (2002) and philosophy (2004) in the study program, due to this development back to the roots, has led to frequent complaints from the student council.[15] As one of the final steps in this transformation, the University of Mannheim has founded the Mannheim Business School (MBS) in 2005 to offer executive education in Germany. Since 2007, the University of Mannheim is funded as the smallest university by the "Excellence Initiative" of the German Federal and State Governments and established Germany's first graduate school, the Mannheim Graduate School for Economics and Social Sciences (GESS) in the same year.

Campus

Main article: Mannheim

"The nice and befriending Mannheim that is built evenly and genially."

— Johann Wolfgang von Goethe[16]

Mannheim is a city in southwestern part of Germany and with approximately 315,000 inhabitants, the second-largest city in the state Baden-Württemberg, directly after Stuttgart. Mannheim is situated in the Rhine Neckar Triangle, a European metropolitan area with approximately 2.4 million people living there, comprising the neighboring cities of Mannheim, Ludwigshafen and Heidelberg, and a number of smaller towns in the perimeter. Mannheim is located at the confluence of the Rhine and the Neckar in the northwestern corner of Baden-Württemberg. The Rhine separates Mannheim from the city of Ludwigshafen, just to the west of it in Rhineland-Palatinate, and the border of Baden-Württemberg with Hesse is just to the north. Mannheim is downstream along the Neckar from the city of Heidelberg. Mannheim is unusual among German cities in that its streets and avenues are laid out in a grid pattern, leading to its nickname die Quadratestadt ("city of the squares"). Its pedestrian zone is a shopping and night life magnet for the surrounding area and beyond. Heidelberg is about 40 minutes by train away from the Frankfurt International Airport. The eighteenth century Mannheim Palace, former home of the Prince-elector of the Palatinate, now houses the University of Mannheim.

Mannheim Palace

The University of Mannheim belongs to the small group of universities in Germany that are said to maintain a classical university campus, widely comparable to those of universities in the United States. All faculties and facilities are placed in very short distances to one another and are reachable by feet. The core building of the campus is the Mannheim Palace. With a total length of more than 400 meters it is the largest baroque palace in Germany. The palace dates from the 18th century. Its Construction was commenced solemnly on 2 June 1720. The first administrative institutions started using the palace in 1725, although the construction was not completed until 1760. In World War II, the palace was heavily bombed and partly destroyed. Many people supported demolishing it after the war to create space for a more modern city architecture. These plans were abolished and the palace, in recent years, has been renovated extensively thanks to private donations totaling around Euro 13 million.

Modern steel and glass elements were integrated and now contrast to the almost 300-year-old walls.[17] The city center of Mannheim is aligned symmetrically to the palace. The site of the palace is impressive, although the construction of roads and railway tracks has diminished its dominating appearance. To the southwest, Mannheim's main campus faces the river Rhine and the adjacent city Ludwigshafen. To the northeast the University's main campus, the palace, presents its 450 m long front to the Mannheim city centre. The Breite Straße runs from the palace to Mannheim's central square, the Paradeplatz.

Mannheim's main campus – the Palace in a 180 degrees panoramic view

The central part of the palace is the Mittelbau with its representative halls. Today, the Mittelbau holds university library halls and the Rittersaal hall (Great Hall). Furthermore a palace museum was opened in 2007. The Mittelbau is flanked by the Ehrenhof West and Ehrenhof Ost wings, which include the Ehrenhof yard in front of the Mittelbau. In those two wings, there are mainly lecture halls and offices of the university's humanities sections. Below the Ehrenhof, there is a massive bunker dating from World War II.

The northern wing includes the impressive Schlosskirche (palace church) and the law section, as well as Mannheim's lower district court. The southern/eastern wing is much larger than the northern one, including the Schneckenhof yard (a popular university party ground) and holding most of the university's central institutions, as well as the largest lecture halls and one of the central libraries.

There is currently considerable building activity in the palace, due to Mannheim's anniversary in 2007. The palace has been repainted in a bright ocher/yellow, the Mittelbau has been thoroughly rebuilt (including a new roof construction), and the Ehrenhof yard is to be restructured and paved with granite.

Besides the palace the university maintains several building in direct or close distance to the main campus. All disciplines which are not housed in the palace are within a few minutes' walking distance. They either have new buildings, like the Department of Economics and the Institute of Computer Science, or, like the Faculty of Social Sciences, are housed in renovated buildings. In 2012, the university and the state Baden-Württemberg has decided to provide the university with several new buildings located in the city quadrates of A5 and B6, which will create a second smaller campus in close neighborhood of the Mannheim palace. The additional area added to Mannheim's campus will be more than 5,100 square meters.[18] The building complex will house parts of the Mannheim Graduate School GESS, economic research facilities and additional lecture halls.

Governance and schools

Governance

The University of Mannheim is cooperatedly administrated by the Rectorate, which comprises the Tector (or President), three extraofficial Pro-Rectors (Vice Presidents) and the Chancellor. The rectorate is recognized as the 'executive body' of the university. Its main task is to implement the strategic aims concluded by the University Council. Since October 2012 the UMA is headed by rector Ernst-Ludwig von Thadden. The rectorate further consists of the chancellor, Susann-Annette Storm, who is the head of the central administration, the three pro-rectors, Eva Eckkrammer, Thomas Puhl and Thorsten Meiser who are responsible for international relations, teaching and communication as well as research and structure respectively. In addition, the Communication & Fundraising Department is also part of the rectorate and represents the interface between the University and the public.

The Senate is the "legislative branch" of the university. The rector and the members of the rectorate are senators ex officio, as are also the deans of the faculties. Another 18 senators are elected for four-year terms, within the following quotas: nine university professors; three academic staff; three delegates of the student body; and three employees of the university administration. The University Council is the advisory board to the aforementioned entities and encompasses, among others, the director of the Max Planck Institute Martin Hellwig, as well as CEOs of German industries.[19]

UMA's academic activity is organized into "schools", or "faculties" (Fakultäten). Currently, the University of Mannheim has 5 faculties and two academic colleges: The Mannheim Business School (MBS) and Graduate School for Economics and Social Sciences (GESS). At the Mannheim Palace campus, the faculty for business administration, which dates back to the 1969, is the largest faculty with about 4,000 students enrolled, 37 professors, 150 additional academic staff and 37 chairs.[20] The University comprises five schools: the Business School, the School of Law and Economics, the School of Social Sciences, the School of Humanities and the School of Mathematics and Computer Science.

Undergraduate and Graduate Schools Graduate and Professional
Mannheim Palace and A5 Campus Mannheim Palace Campus and L7 Building

    Business School

    Main Entrance of the Business School

    As the first German institution, the Business School of the University of Mannheim has gained the "Triple Crown" (Triple accreditation): It is accredited by AACSB International, the Association of MBAs (AMBA) and EFMD (EQUIS). With 37 chaired professors and about 4,000 students, the Business School ranks among the largest in Europe.

    Rectorate's yard in the front of the Business School

    The undergraduate business degree has the most developed integrated international exchange program in Germany, with a mandatory exchange term during the third year and more than 95% of third-year class students participating. Students generally study for one semester abroad at one of more than 400 highly respected partner schools in more than 50 countries, for instance: McGill University, HEC Paris, University of Hong Kong, National University of Singapore, and University of Miami. Instead of the exchange term, the program exceptionally allows students to have a further semester at Mannheim with a special curriculum focusing on international course load and business ethics.

    Besides the strong international outlay due to the integrated exchange semester, internationality and cross-cultural learning is emphasized by obligatory language tracks in the course curriculum (Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, Russian, Korean or Portuguese tracks possible) and 70% of courses held in English.

    At graduate level the "Mannheim Master of Management (MMM)" offers an entirely open course curriculum that allows students to choose courses according to their own wishes. The MMM can thus be converted to a Master of Finance, Master of Accounting, Master of Marketing etc. The range of available courses include all business related subjects and interdisciplinary courses, such Corporate Finance and Banking, Marketing, Entrepreneurship, Strategic Management, Operations Research or Information Systems, and many more. Furthermore students can select courses out of the Economics, Sociology and Humanities departments.

    Several double degree graduate programs with renowned institutions such as the Queen's University, ESSEC Business School Paris, Bocconi University, Copenhagen Business School, University of South Carolina are available and enable the students to pursue two master degrees at the same time. International exchange programs, comparable to those at undergraduate level (while not mandatory), also allow for cross-cultural cooperation and learning. Usually more than 40% of the MMM classes each year choose to participate in one of those programs.

    On-campus recruiters include companies like Credit Suisse, Bertelsmann, JP Morgan, Porsche, Morgan Stanley, Volkswagen, Goldman Sachs, McKinsey & Co., Deutsche Bank, Reckitt Benckiser, Bain & Company, Boston Consulting Group, Merck KGaA, Oliver Wyman, P&G, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Deloitte, Ernst & Young, KPMG, and many more.

    School of Law and Economics

    Department of Law:

    Eighteen full professors, their staff and numerous renowned associate lecturers research and teach at the Department of Law. The Department of Law is home to several important institutes and programs (e.g. the institute for company law (Institut für Unternehmensrecht (IURUM)), the institute for insurance law (Institut für Versicherungswissenschaft) or the centre for the law of bankruptcy law (Zentrum für Insolvenz und Sanierung (ZIS)).[21]
    The Westflügel (West Wing) that hosts the department of law

    The department of law places clear emphasis on the fields of commercial and business law. Close ties to legal and business practice, combined with an interdisciplinary profile in the economic sciences, are hallmarks of the Department of Law.

    Mannheim's Law school is the first law school in Germany to introduce a modern Bachelor of Law study program, the so-called "Bachelor Unternehmensjurist", while maintaining the high standards of the legal State Examination system. The programme combines modules from the Department of Law (thematic priority on business law) and the Business School (thematic priority human resources or tax and accounting). It enables students to study law and business simultaneously[22] and ends after 6 semesters (3 years) with a bachelor's degree. It is the first bachelor's degree in Germany which can be followed up with a master's (graduate) programme in business, a master's (graduate) programme of law or the German state examination in law (Staatsexamen) (German government licensing examination).[23]

    Department of Economics and GESS Graduate School

    Department of Economics:

    More than twenty full-time senior faculty members and 21 assistant professors and numerous lecturers are engaged in a variety of research projects at the frontiers of their fields, ranging from micro- and macroeconomics, econometrics, labour economics, industrial organization, financial economics, auctions and game theory, policy analysis and evaluation to economic history and international trade. The department has special expertise in microeconomic specializations and econometrics, both in theory and application. Its research programmes are aided by large institutional grants from the German National Science Foundation (DFG); additional funds are obtained from other public and private institutions. The department owns a library collection of more than 350,000 volumes in German as well as other languages (mostly English) and subscribes to 400 journals.

    The Department of Economics of the University of Mannheim is ranked 1st in Germany and is ranked as the best and most research intensive department among all German-speaking countries. Furthermore the 2013 Economics Ranking of Handelsblatt ranks 6 professors of Mannheim's department among the world's 100 most influential researchers in Economics.[24][25][26] The department maintains close partnerships and exchange agreements with universities like Yale University, University of California, Berkeley or the Warwick University.[27][28]

    School of Social Sciences

    The School of Social Sciences comprises the fields of political science, sociology and psychology with an academic staff of 36 professors[29] and 150 additional scientists. The social sciences at the University of Mannheim have an excellent international reputation, reflected by rankings, awards and third-party funds. The faculty is well-known[30] for its empirical-analytical orientation and its focus on Europe.

    School of Social Sciences
    The Department of Sociology at the School of Social Sciences is renowned for its strength in empirical and analytical research, and for using innovative quantitative techniques in its research design.
    Glass Cube belonging to the School of Social Sciences
    The Department's main areas of focus in research and teaching consist of Sociological Theory, Comparative Sociology, Stratification Research, Economic Sociology, Social Psychology, and Quantitative Research methods. The department maintains close cooperation with the Mannheim Centre for European Social Research (MZES) and the Leibniz Institute for Social Research (GESIS).

    The Department of Psychology has developed into one of the leading research and teaching institutions in Germany, focusing mainly on the research areas of Organizational Psychology, Consumer Psychology, Social Psychology and Cognitive Psychology. Recently a new chair for Consumer Psychology has been established and a collaborative research center on decision making been opened. Further research is also being conducted at the Otto-Selz-Institute (Mannheim Centre for Work and Health), which focuses on the impact of negative influences at the workplace.

    The Department of Political Science has an emphasis on the use of quantitative and analytical methods in its research on political phenomena. The Department's main areas of focus in research and teaching are Comparative Politics and International Relations, with emphasis on Political Behavior, Political Economy, International Conflict, and German and European Politics. The research activities of the Department of Political Science are complemented by the Mannheim Centre for European Social Research (MZES) and the Collaborative Research Centre SFB 884 "Political Economy of Reforms", The Department of Political Science was one of the first universities in Germany to introduce a systematic and international study program by offering Bachelor, Master and Ph.D (doctoral) degree programs. Furthermore the department holds close partnerships and exchange programs with the Washington University, St. Louis, the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and the University of Milan.

    School of Humanities

    Department of Humanities, in the background the School of Social Sciences is visible

    The Mannheim School of Humanities engages in research and teaching at the intersection of culture, society and business with an interdisciplinary, international and intercultural perspective. With 26 full professorships, two junior professorships, about 100 research and teaching associates and more than 2,800 students in total, the Mannheim School of Humanities is the university's second largest school. Each year, about 1,000 new students take up their studies at the School of Humanities.[31]

    The School encompasses English studies, Germanic studies, history, media and communication studies, philosophy and Romance studies. These disciplines rank Mannheim in the top three to ten institutions in Germany.[32] In close cooperation with the Business School, the School of Humanities offers several renowned interdisciplinary study programs such as "Culture and Business".
    Department of Business Informatics and Mathematics
    Distinguished fields of research are globalization studies and linguistic topics such as multilingualism. The school stands in close cooperation with the Institute for the German Language (IDS), the Mannheim Centre for Empirical Multilingualism Research (MAZEM gGmbH) and maintains extensive cooperation with a large variety of international partner universities.

    School of Computer Science & Mathematics

    The school consists of the Institute of Mathematics and the Institute of Computer Science:

    Department of Computer Science:

    The Institute of Computer Science and Business Informatics consists of eleven Chairs and Professorships dedicated to Data Management, Software Development, Web Technologies, Process Modelling, and Mobile and Visual Media. Their common point of interest is the management of complex data material for society and economy. The institute is mainly located in the building A 5,6. Together with the business informatics group that are part of the Business School, the Institute of Computer Science recently founded the Center for Business Informatics to ensure that research and teaching standards in this area remain at the highest level.

    Department of Mathematics:

    The Institute of Mathematics consists of eleven Chairs and 22 Professorships that focus on classical mathematical disciplines as well as on economic and practical-oriented fields of mathematics. The main areas of research include Algebra, Analysis, Geometry, Stochastics and Mathematical Statistics as well as Mathematics in Finance and Insurance. Through its successful focus on business mathematics in research and teaching, the Institute of Mathematics is constantly expanding its close cooperation with the University's Department of Economics and the Business School.

    Rankings and Reputation

    University rankings (overall)
    National
    WiWo[33] Business Administration 1
    Economics 1
    Information Systems 3
    CHE[34] Business Administration 1
    Economics 1
    FTD[35] Business Administration 1
    Handelsblatt[36] Economics 1
    Eduniversal[37] Business Administration 1
    International
    QS (2012/13)[38] Social Science & Management 55
    Financial Times[39] Master in Management 14
    The Economist[40] Executive MBA worldwide 16
    Bloomberg Businessweek[41] Non U.S. MBA Program 12
    América Economía[41] Executive MBA worldwide 13

    The University of Mannheim was called "The Harvard of Germany" by the German newspaper Die Zeit.[42] Furthermore, Times Higher Education referred to the UMA as "Germany's leading higher education institution for business and economics" since the university is especially known for Business, Economics and Social Sciences.[43] It is widely considered to have the best business and economics program in Germany[24] and its Master in Management is ranked 14th in Europe by the FT.[44][45] The university's business school is ranked 1st in Germany by the Eduniversal ranking and 34th worldwide.[46] The Business School's MBA program is ranked globally 23rd by CNN Expansion,[47] and 26th by The Economist.[47] Its Executive MBA ranks 21st internationally in the Financial Times Executive MBA Ranking.[47] Moreover, the School of Law, the School of the Humanities, and the School of Mathematics and Computer Science – due to their close collaboration with Business Administration and the Social Sciences – provide their students with unique opportunities for specialization. According to the ranking of the German business newspaper Wirtschaftswoche, which based on the opinion of 500 human resources managers of leading companies in Germany, all programs of the university reached a place in the top 10. Moreover, a study conducted in 2011 by the social networking platform XING revealed that the majority of executives in German companies are alumni of the University of Mannheim.[48][49][50] According to the current edition of the CHE-Ranking, the University of Mannheim is one of the most successful German universities. Nationwide it received the best evaluation in four of its disciplines: business administration, economics, political and social science.[51] In 2012 the university received the ERASMUS E-Quality seal for its performance in the ERASMUS exchange program.[52] The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) awards this distinction annually to universities that perform especially well in the ERASMUS exchange program.

    Academics

    Admissions

    The admission process of the University of Mannheim is known as highly competitive. Mannheim's business administration undergraduate program is the most selective undergraduate program at the University of Mannheim. It is widely known for its reputation as the most prestigious undergraduate business program in Germany[5] and its highly selective admissions. Undergraduate as well as graduate students are generally selected based on academic excellence and extraordinary extracurricular involvement.[53] Furthermore students have to proof an excellent command of the English language through very high Abitur grades in English or English tests, like TOEFL or IELTS. In 2012, the mean entrance average for Mannheim's business undergraduate degree was 1.2/5.0 (with 1.0 the highest grade possible), with more than 90% of admitted applicants ranking in the top 10% of their high school classes. Other highly competitive undergraduate programs at the university include Economics, Psychology, Information Systems and Law.

    Admission to consecutive Master's programs always requires at least an undergraduate degree equivalent to the German grade "good" (i.e., normally a B+ in American, or a 2:1 in UK terms). Furthermore, at graduate level, applicants of the Business School have to submit a GMAT score of at least 600 to be considered in the application process while applicants for the economics programs have to absolve the GRE with high scores - especially in the quantitative section of the test.[54][55] The average GMAT score of the class 2015 of the Mannheim Master in Management was 680.[56][57]

    A3 Library that primarily hosts volumes of the humanities and social departments

    Organization and length of courses

    The academic year is divided into two terms. The winter term (semester) runs from September, 1 to January, 31 and the summer term from February, 1 to July, 31. Mannheim was the first university in Germany that decided to adopt the timeframe of international academic years whereby the academic winter term already starts in September - while in Germany the classical academic year begins in October.[58] Thus, classes are held from early September to early December and early February to early June. Students can generally only begin their studies in the winter term and not during the summer terms. The standard time required to finish a Bachelor's degree is principally six semesters, and a further four semesters for consecutive Master's degrees. The normal length of Ph.D. programs for full-time students is 6 semesters.

    Tuition Fees

    In general, the German government heavily subsidizes university study to keep higher education affordable and accessible regardless of the student's socio-economic background.[59] After the German "Bundesverfassungsgericht" (Constitutional Court) had overturned a federal law prohibiting tuition fees in year 2005 and devolved the right to administrate tuition fees to the federal state level, the University of Mannheim decided upon the introduction of tuition fees in the summer term of 2006.

    Following the ruling in 2005, the University of Mannheim started charging tuition fees of € 500 per semester (i.e. € 1,000 per year) since the beginning of the autumn/winter term 2007. (as with any university in Baden-Württemberg) In addition to the tuition fees a basic contribution fee to the state-run Studentenwerk[60] of € 66.5 as well as a € 60 administrative fee (Verwaltungsgebühr) are mandatory. Following an amendment in Baden-Württemberg students do not have to pay the tuition fees of € 500 any longer from 2012 on.

    Libraries

    Entrance to the Palace Library

    Mannheim's library system's origins date back to the early 20th century. When Mannheim's City College of Trade (Städtische Handelshochschule) was founded in 1907, it maintained a central library, which was supplemented by various departmental libraries. In 1932 these libraries were merged with the Municipal Palace Library (Städtische Schlossbücherei), which later became the Municipal Science Library Mannheim (Wissenschaftliche Stadtbibliothek Mannheim).

    When the National Socialists came to power in 1933, the College of Trade was dissolved and the books in its library were donated to the University of Heidelberg. In 1946 the bulk of the collection was returned when the "Staatliche Wirtschaftshochschule Mannheim" (state college of business) was founded. When the business college became a university in 1967, the library acquired new and much expanded collections in all the subjects taught at the university. It also inherited a large number of older books from the "Wissenschaftliche Stadtbibliothek Mannheim", which was dissolved in 1970. The library's collection of books and media has nearly doubled since. Today the University of Mannheim library system maintains four libraries with more than 2.2 million volumes.[61]

    The Schloss Ehrenhof library, also known as "Hasso Plattner" library, is located on the Mannheim Palace campus and is the main library of the university. The library was built in 2006 and is among the most modern and best equipped university libraries in Germany. In the library rankings of 2012, it is placed among the 5 best libraries.[40][62] The library's construction was primarily funded by a donation of Euro 10 million by the SAP co-founder Hasso Plattner in 2005. The library was planned by the architects Blocher & Blocher Partners and built by Bilfinger Berger. Today, on an area of more than 4,700 square meters, the library houses subject-related literature in economics, history, geography and law.

    Besides the Hasso Plattner library, there are the business-focused Schloss Schneckenhof library, the humanities-focused A3 library and the A5 library.

    Research

    Mannheim Centre for European Social Research (MZES)
    Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW)

    The profile of the University of Mannheim is reflected in its research achievements. In economic and social sciences, Mannheim is one of the best research centers in Germany and among the top ten to twenty institutions in Europe.[63]

    All disciplines work in close cooperation with each other to determine central research subjects, for example on the topics of decisions, governance, migration and integration or language acquisition.

    The University's largest research institute is the Mannheim Centre for European Social Research. In close collaboration with the School of Social Sciences, it dedicates its research to exploring societal, social and political development in Europe. Focal points are comparative research on Europe and investigating the European integration process.

    Furthermore there are different collaborative research centres, such as SFB 884: "Political Economy of Reforms", which aims to provide scientific insights into success and failure of reforms, determined by competing interests, contexts and the political process of reform-making. The project Group „Contextualized Decision Making: Investigating Mediators and Moderators", funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG), investigates how people make decisions and why decisions often depend on weeny aspects of the situation in which they are taken.

    There are also a further three renowned research institutes with close ties to the University. ZEW — Centre for European Economic Research, the GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, and IDS – Institute of German Language.[64][65]

    Teaching

    Institute of German Language (IDS)

    Undergraduate Studies

    The University of Mannheim offers wide variety of top-class degrees for undergraduate students. Numerous university rankings[66] confirm the excellent status of the overall Mannheim course portfolio. For many years now Mannheim has been recognized as the undisputed top provider of high-quality business administration and economics degrees.[5]

    The subjects political science,[67] sociology,[68] history, English studies, Germanic studies, computer science and business informatics are also regularly highly ranked.[69] One of the key features of Mannheim teaching is that as well as the Business School itself, all the other schools offer students the opportunity to acquire sound business knowledge in addition to their major.[70]

    Graduate Studies

    The University of Mannheim provides further study options for each of its Bachelor programs. The Master's programs have a strong international dimension for example by offering exchange programs and double degrees and some of them are completely taught in English. They enable students to deepen or broaden the knowledge acquired in their first degree.[71]

    The graduate portfolio include:

    • Mannheim Master (M.Sc) of Management (MMM)
    • Mannheim Master (M.Sc) of Finance [available as specialization within (MMM)]
    • Mannheim Master (M.Sc) of Accounting [available as specialization within (MMM)]
    • Mannheim Master (M.Sc) of Marketing [available as specialization within (MMM)]
    • Master (M.Sc) of Economics
    • Master (M.Sc) of Business Mathematics
    • Master (M.Sc) of Business Informatics / Computer Science
    • Master (LLM.) of Laws
    • Master (M.Sc) of Psychology
    • Master (M.Sc) of Sociology
    • Master (M.Sc) in Media & Communication Studies
    • Master (M.Sc) in Language & Communication
    • Master (M.Sc) in Philosophy & Business
    • Master (M.Sc) in History & Business
    • Staatsexamen (Ref. Jur.) in Law after the LL.B. program

    Double Graduate Programs

    Mannheim Business School (MBS)

    Joint Graduate Programs

    Doctoral Studies

    The Mannheim Graduate School for Economics and Social Sciences (GESS) provides doctoral training in empirical and quantitative methods and their application to economic and social sciences. The Graduate School is the first of its kind in Germany[79][80] and is among very few in the world to integrate these disciplines into a coherent curriculum. It is funded by the "Excellence Initiative" of the German government. The GESS consists of the Center Doctoral Studies in Business (CDSB), Center for Doctoral Studies in Economics (CDSE) and the Center for Doctoral Studies in Social and Behavioral Sciences (CDSS).

    The GESS offers different PhD programs, among them:

    • Accounting & Taxation
    • Finance
    • Management
    • Marketing
    • Economics
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology

    Furthermore, the University of Mannheim offers the possibility to do an individual doctorate which is the traditional option in Germany. Doctoral candidates are supervised by a professor. The School of Humanities offers a third option — in the doctoral training program "Formations of the Global", each doctoral student receives close support from three mentors out of multiple disciplines and is integrated into an interdisciplinary lecture program.[81]

    Continued business education

    The University of Mannheim has courses in continued academic education, with the Mannheim Business School (MBS) as its prime example. Mannheim Business School is the umbrella organization for continued business education at the University of Mannheim. Programs offered include the Mannheim MBA (different tracks are available, e.g. Asian track), the ESSEC & Mannheim Executive MBA, Tongji & Mannheim Executive MBA and the Master of Accounting & Taxation.[82]

    Student life

    International student day at the University of Mannheim

    Mannheim hosts more than 15 Studentenverbindungen (student cooperations), which were predominately founded in the 19th century. The Studentenverbindungen are to some extent comparable to the fraternities in the US or Canada. As traditional symbols (couleurs) corporation members wear colored caps and ribbons at ceremonial occasions (Kommers) and some of them still practice the tradition of academic fencing (Mensur), a kind of duelling, with the intention to "shape their members for the challenges of life." [83][84][85] In the 19th and early 20th century, the Studentenverbindungen played an important role in Germany's student life. Today, however, these corporations include only a relatively small number of students that often have the self-declared mission to keep academic traditions alive and to create friendships for life. The corporations' often representative 19th-century mansions are present throughout Mannheim.

    Mannheim is not least famous for its student night life.[86][87] Besides the various parties regularly organized by the Fachschaften (student councils) of the different faculties, the semester opening and closing parties of the university, the Schlossfest, the dormitory parties, and the soirées of Mannheim's student fraternities, the city, and the metropolitan area even more, offers a wide spectrum of night life activities. Adjacent to Mannheim's main campus is Mannheim downtown that represents the major night life district, where numerous bars and clubs are located close to each other. About 10-15 min. by tram away from the Mannheim Palace, Mannheim's upcoming party/pub district Jungbusch can be reached that is also in close neighborhood to several of Mannheim's student resident halls. From Wednesday on, it is all night very crowded and full of atmosphere. Moreover, Mannheim has more than six major clubs. The largest of them, the "Baton Rouge", is located in the middle of downtown adjacent to Mannheim's monument, the Wasserturm. The city of Frankfurt am Main - "Germany's finance capitol", which is about three times as large as Mannheim, can be reached a 30-minute train ride away, and offers an even more diverse night life, having a broader variety of clubs and bars. Furthermore, the city of Heidelberg, that is home to the famous Heidelberg Castle and the Old Town with origins in the 13th century, can be reached by train in 15 minutes.[88]

    Student Body

    UMA students revising on Mannheim's campus

    In the 2011–12 academic year there were 12,000 full-time students at the University of Mannheim.[89] Of these, approximately 15% of the student body came from abroad. Furthermore, each academic term around 800 incoming exchange students (370 ERASMUS students) choose the University of Mannheim as their exchange institution.[90][91] In general, the UMA has, together with the exchange body, a highly international student body, with over 70 countries represented. There is approximately an equal split between genders with 51% men and 49% female students.

    Sports and Athletics

    Students interested in sports can choose from more than seventy disciplines at the Mannheim Institute of Sports – from beginners to top-level. The Mannheim Institute of Sports is a modern-service enterprise within the University of Mannheim supporting athletics and the health of all students and employees at the University of Mannheim and the region. At the moment the institute offers a wide variety of programs with 241 courses in 76 different athletic disciplines and more than 320 hours per week.[92] Most of the courses are offered free of charge. During the academic terms more than 6.000 students participate weekly. Moreover, the University of Mannheim also maintains numerous sports societies that vary widely in their level and scope.
    Rowing training of the University of Mannheim team at the Rhine in 2006
    Many more popular sports operate several university teams and departmental teams which compete in leagues against other teams within the university. The university offers a broad variety of varsity teams, such as teams in more than 16 different court sports from tennis to volleyball, courses in several different martial arts, 26 courses in physical fitness and body building, 9 courses in health sports from aquapower to yoga, and groups in 12 different dance styles. In addition, equestrian sports, sailing, rowing, skiing in the Austrian alps, track and field, swimming, fencing, cycling, acrobatics, gymnastics, and many more. Mannheim is also host of a large number of successful athlets that compete on national and international level in several disciplines – the majority of these athlets is supported by the Mannheim Sports Scholarship. Supported students include German champions in Handball (2009), Olympic-style Weightlifting (2009), Chess (2008), Shooting (2009) and Hockey (2012).[93] Furthermore, Mannheim and its sports teams engages in numerous national and international competitions, such as the European University Rowing Championships, where the University of Mannheim placed 2nd in 2005, finishing ahead of Oxford.

    Student Clubs

    SICoR – Student initiative Club of Rome
    AIESEC Mannheim e.V.
    Logo of the Mannheim Forum 2014

    The university supports a number of student groups in various fields of interest. Currently there are around 36 student clubs or "associations" on campus.

    Among the most recognized clubs are:

    • AEGEE Mannheim e.V.
    • AIESEC Mannheim e.V.
    • Amnesty International Student Initiative 1388 Mannheim
    • Arbeitskreis Börse – Studenten der Universität Mannheim e.V.[94]
    • Unicef Student Initiative Mannheim
    • IB League Mannheim e.V., student organization with focus on financial industries
    • INTEGRA e.V., student-run management consulting firm[95]
    • Model United Nations Student Initiative Mannheim e.V.
    • Mannheim Forum,[96] student-run congress for political, economical and business related topics
    • Market Team Mannheim – Marketing initiative[97]
    • MTP – Marketing zwischen Theorie und Praxis e.V.[98]
    • thinc! e.V., Entrepreneurship initiative[99]
    • SICoR – Student initiative Club of Rome e.V.
    • Mannheim Finance & Controlling Club e.V. (MFCC)
    • VISUM e.V., International student initiative[100]
    • Enactus Universität Mannheim e.V

    Mannheim Forum

    The Mannheim Forum is an economic congress organized exclusively by students of the University of Mannheim and is among the largest collegiate events in Germany with more than 500 participants each year. During the Mannheim Forum various events take place on Mannheim's main campus. Besides topical speeches by renowned people, the participants also have the opportunity to attend the Recruiting Fair, as well as participate in several company workshops. During the panel discussions the audience can discuss with several top tier personalities from the worlds of business, economics, society and politics. Renowned speaker include Frank Mattern (CEO, McKinsey & Co. Germany), Peer Steinbrück, Paul Achleitner, Christian Lindner, Götz Werner, Dirk Müller (famous broker, known as "Mister Dax"), Hamed Abdel-Samad, Sahra Wagenknecht and Frank Plasberg etc. Under the topic „Power - Who possess power? Is there a fair distribution of power in today's world?“, the next Forum will take place, under the patronage of the European Parliament and its President Martin Schulz, from 13th until 15 March 2014 on Mannheim's main campus - the Mannheim Palace.[101][102]

    In 2012, the student initiative Mannheim Forum was founded by the three largest student initiatives at Mannheim's campus: The Arbeitskreis Börse, MTP - The Marketing Initiative, and PoliMotion - The Politics Initiative.[103] The idea and goal behind the initiative was to establish an event that enable participants and students of different branches of study to engage in dynamic dialog with representatives of politics, science and economics about specific issues that are relevant in today's world. The first event organized by the initiative was the panel discussion in 2012 between Mannheim professors of different disciplines and company representatives about the topic "EU - Economic Poliy - Quo Vadis?!". The event received positive responses from both students and participants alike. From then on, the students' aim was to establish this event on a larger scale under the name "Mannheim Forum" as a fixed annual event at the University of Mannheim.

    The first Mannheim Forum was then conducted in 2013 under the topic of “Resources – 6 Perspectives: Economy, Ethics, Security, Politics, Technology and Startups” and will be followed by the Mannheim Forum in 2014.
    Schlossfest 2010 at the University of Mannheim

    Mannheim Forum is mainly organized by students in their first and second academic term (nevertheless it is open to every student at UMA) bringing in new ideas and fresh perspectives, but are supported and financed by external partners, including McKinsey & Co., SAP AG, Lufthansa, Reckitt Benckiser, HSBC, Deloitte, Heidelberg Cement, Hoffmann-La Roche as well as the Mannheim Business School and alumni - who ensure that knowledge based on experience is used and implemented.[104] Furthermore, the Mannheim Forum holds close cooperations with other student initiatives at the University of Mannheim, like MTP, Arbeitskreis Börse and POLImotion.[105]

    Traditions

    Each year the University of Mannheim is host of the Schlossfest (palace festival), a festival at which the Mannheim Palace campus is open to visitors and introduces the university to incoming freshmen. During the Schlossfest several events take place that are dealing with themes out of arts, science and music. The science events include live experiments and academic speeches regarding specific subjects, while the arts events include art exhibitions, art workshops, dance acts, museum guides as well as guides through the old, non-public areas within the Mannheim Palace. Furthermore, several live-acts including musicians like Xavier Naidoo (2011), Söhne Mannheims, orchestras as well as comedians like Bülent Ceylan (2009) are part of the event program. The Schlossfest in 2013 attracted more than 13,800 visitors.[106]

    Student Housing

    Residence Hall N6, 8

    Student Housing – while not directly on-campus – is provided through the "Studentenwerk Mannheim" (Student Services Mannheim) which offers student accommodation and catering services with more than 19 residence halls and 13 canteens. The residence halls have an overall capacity of more than 3,150 places.[107] Furthermore the "Studentenwerk" also runs a general social counseling service, a large nursery and other social institutions.

    Different apartment types and single rooms in residence halls, traditional working-class neighborhoods or upscale suburbs are available. Most rooms are furnished and hard wired to the university's computer center, which means that internet is for free. The monthly fees also cover heating, hot water and hall cleaning. The prices for a single room ranges between €285–330 per month and €260–380 per month for single apartments.[108] All the residence halls are within cycling distance to the colleges and are well linked to the vast public transportation network of Mannheim City. The catering services include the operation of the university's canteen and cafeteria EO which are offering meals for students at discounted prices.[109][110] Applications for rooms or apartments in the residence halls can be made online or at "Studentenwerk" help desks at Mannheim's campus. Applications for these sought – after places can be made at any time.[111]

    The closest residences to the Mannheim Palace campus are located in the squares L8 and N6. The Hermann-Heimerich-Haus in N6,8 offers 70 units (20 single rooms in two-person apartments and 50 single-person apartments) and maintains a rooftop common room accessible by all residents. It is situated next to Mannheim's shopping malls, the Mannheim main station and the Mannheimer Wasserturm, which is Mannheim's landmark. The residence hall L8, 13+14 offers nine single room apartments and is closest to the university's main campus and in direct neighborhood to the Mannheim Palace. Besides these two close resident halls, several further resident halls in relative short distance to the campus are available with good connections to the public transportation system in Mannheim.

    Scholarships

    Scholarship awards at UMA's Rittersaal (knight's hall)

    In 2007, the University of Mannheim established a scholarship system. With more than 144 scholars the university maintains one of the largest scholarship systems of all public universities in Germany.[112] The University works, thereby, in close cooperation with a large number of partners and funders, that include individual, companies and foundations. Among the scholarship partners, companies like McKinsey & Co., Merck KGaA, BASF SE or Bertelsmann can be found, as well as foundations like the Ulrike & Dr. Axel Weber Stiftung or the Ernst & Young Stiftung. The recipients of all scholarships are chosen based on their academic performance and for all scholarships an application is mandatory. The scholarships are both directed at enrolled/incoming students as well as university applicants. In addition to the respective funding, important networking possibilities are offered. In the academic year of 2011/12, the University integrated the Deutschland Scholarship of the Federal Government in its scholarship system. Mannheim's scholarship includes several programs:[112]

    • Deutschland Scholarship

    In the year of 2011, the Federal Government initiated a national scholarship program which support selected scholars with € 150 per month. This basic scholarship amount is provided by private donors. The Federal Government doubles this amount of funding to € 300 per month. In addition to a student's academic performance, the University considers their personal circumstances, social commitments or extracurricular success as well.

    • Mannheim Scholarship

    The Mannheim scholarship is explicitly oriented towards students who are already enrolled at the University of Mannheim. The University chooses the scholarship recipients in conjunction with their private donors. Furthermore, the system aspires to a close contact between the scholarship holders and donors.

    • Votum Scholarship

    Since 2011, the Votum-Foundation assigns scholarships to orphans in need of support in order to enable successful studies at the University of Mannheim. All complete, semi-, divorce or social orphans are entitled to an application. The funding contains a maximum of € 3,000 per year.

    • Mannheim Sports Scholarship

    In order to financially support top athletes at the University of Mannheim and to consider their additional effort for training and competitions, the university has established a sports scholarship. The Mannheim Sports Scholarship supports enrolled athletes way beyond the cooperation agreement "Kooperationsvereinbarung/Partnerhochschule" for top class sports. Organizational as well as financial support is supposed to mitigate the dual burden of top athletes – this support, for instance, include individual tutorships and assistance in administrative issues as well.

    Partnerships

    The University of Mannheim cooperates with universities on all continents, both in areas of research and student exchange. Apart from being a member of the IAU network, the university participates in the European Erasmus and ENTER programs. It also coordinates several intercontinental projects, mostly through the Erasmus Mundus program. Currently, the university maintains 550 cooperations with over 400 universities in more than 50 countries,[113] among them:

    Europe

    America

    Asia

    Australia

    Notable Alumni and Faculty Members

    With a current network of more than 80,000 alumni, the University of Mannheim is one of the most influential business institutions in Germany. Among former students, many have reached top positions in business, -including in DAX companies-, and in politics.

    The following list is non-exhaustive:

    Dr. Claus E. Heinrich - Former Board member of SAP
    Werner Müller – Former Federal Minister of Economics and Technology of Germany and CEO of Evonik
    Stefan Lippe – Former CEO of Swiss Re

    Business

    Hans Werner Sinn – President of Ifo Institute for Economic Research
    Hans Albert – German Philosopher
    Edmund Phelps - Nobel Prize laureate in Economics

    Academics

    Politics

    Honorary Doctorates

    See also

    References

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    2. ↑ http://www.acme.com/planimeter/
    3. ↑ https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=243199819139818&set=a.241860822607051.56132.241713799288420&type=1&theater
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    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 (German) Uni-Ranking: RWTH Aachen und Uni Mannheim sind die Nr. 1 – Campus & MBA – Erfolg – Wirtschaftswoche. Wiwo.de.
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    7. ↑ Die Top-Fakultäten für VWL – Handelsblatt Online. Tool.handelsblatt.com.
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    15. ↑
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    59. ↑ As a general benchmark: The government has to pay c. €33,000 (~ $48,500) p.a. for each medical student. See "Testergebnisse versus Schulnoten als Auswahlkriterien: Paternoster-Effekt, Filter-Effekt, Kosten-Nutzen-Effekte und Auswirkungen auf die Fairness der Zulassung". University of Fribourg Homepage. Retrieved 2009-02-11. 
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    71. ↑ Graduate Studies
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    73. ↑ CBS (Denmark). University of Mannheim.
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    95. ↑ Studentische Unternehmensberatung – Home – INTEGRA e.V. Integra-ev.de.
    96. ↑ (German) Mannheim Forum 2014 |. Mannheim-forum.org.
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    98. ↑ Marketing zwischen Theorie und Praxis e.V. –. MTP (26 April 2011).
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    100. ↑ VISUM Mannheim / ESN Mannheim – Member of Erasmus Student Network | be international!. Visum-mannheim.de.
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    102. ↑ http://mannheim-forum.org/eu-schirmherrschaft
    103. ↑ http://mannheim-forum.org/gruendungsinitiativen
    104. ↑ http://mannheim-forum.org/partner
    105. ↑ http://mannheim-forum.org/ueber-uns
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    107. ↑ Studentenwerk Mannheim – International. Studentenwerk-mannheim.de (9 October 2013).
    108. ↑ Studentenwerk Mannheim – Wohnhäuser. Studentenwerk-mannheim.de (21 August 2013).
    109. ↑ EO Mannheim – Startseite. Eo-mannheim.de.
    110. ↑ Studentenwerk Mannheim – Mensa am Schloss. Studentenwerk-mannheim.de (3 July 2013).
    111. ↑ Studentenwerk Mannheim – Online application. Studentenwerk-mannheim.de (18 June 2013).
    112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 Universität Mannheim – english. University of Mannheim (10 May 2013).
    113. ↑ Universitaet Mannheim – english – Outgoing Students. University of Mannheim.
    114. ↑ "Curriculum Vitae Claus E. Heinrich". Sovanta.com. Retrieved 2013-11-18. 
    115. ↑ "Executive Committee Roche - Alan Hippe". Roche.com. Retrieved 2013-11-18. 
    116. ↑ "Köpfe der Wirtschaft - Clemens Börsig". Wiwo.de. Retrieved 2013-11-18. 
    117. ↑ "Kress Köpfe - Rainer Hüther". Kress.de. Retrieved 2013-11-19. 
    118. ↑ "Rhoen Klinikum AG - Management Presentation". Rhoen-Klinikum-AG.com. Retrieved 2013-11-19. 
    119. ↑ "German Accelerator - Management Team". German Silicon Valley Accelerator. Retrieved 2014-01-19. 
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    124. ↑ "Fuchs Oil - Executive Board: Alexander Selent". Fuchs Oil. Retrieved 2013-10-20. 
    125. ↑ "Team Europe - Management Team". Team Europe. Retrieved 2013-10-20. 
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    135. ↑ http://www.coffeecircle.com/impressum
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    142. ↑ https://www.targobank.de/de/ueber-uns/unternehmen/vorstand_targobank.html
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    144. ↑ http://www.tag-ag.com/unternehmen/organe/vorstand
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    146. ↑ http://www.goldmedia.com/blog/2010/09/promedia-interview-mit-joel-berger-managing-director-myspace-deutschland-fur-paid-content-sehe-ich-mittelfristig-keine-optionen-bei-myspace/
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    148. ↑ http://new.abb.com/docs/default-source/default-document-library/cv_ochsner.pdf?sfvrsn=2
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    150. ↑ http://www.archerwell.com/executive-team/56/executive-team.htm
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    156. ↑ Antonio Ciccone’s Webpage » Papers, presentations, and data. Antoniociccone.eu.
    157. ↑ http://www.hof.uni-frankfurt.de/de/Prof.-Roman-Inderst-erhaelt-Leibniz-Preis-2010.html
    158. ↑ http://www.bundestag.de/bundestag/abgeordnete17/biografien/G/gebhart_thomas.html

    Further reading

    • Gaugler, Eduard. Die Universität Mannheim in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, Mannheim, 1976.
    • Enzenauer, Markus. Wirtschaftsgeschichte in Mannheim, Mannheim, 2005.
    • AStA der Universität Mannheim. Was nicht im Rektoratsbericht stand: Wirtschaftshochschule, Universität Mannheim geheim: Annotationen zur Geschichte der Wirtschaftshochschule/Universität Mannheim im Kalten Krieg und danach, Universität Mannheim: Schriftenreihe des AStA der Universität Mannheim; Bd. * Degner, Marius. Entwicklung von Professuren im Fach Betriebswirtschaftslehre, Universität Mannheim: Forschungsberichte / Universität Mannheim, Fakultät für Betriebswirtschaftslehre, Mannheim, 2009.
    • Hamann, Horst. Universität Mannheim, Ed Panorama, Mannheim, 2007.
    • Grüb, Birgit. Gründung von Universitätsverlagen am Beispiel der Universität Mannheim, Mannheim Univ. Press, Mannheim, 2006.

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