Universalmuseum Joanneum

The Universalmuseum Joanneum
Original Joanneum building on the Raubergasse, Graz
Established	26 November 1811[1]
Location	Graz, Stainz, Trautenfels and Wagna (Flavia Solva) in the Austrian province of Styria
Type	universal museum
Collection size	Over 4.5 million objects covering culture & fine art, nature, science & technology
Visitors	494,487 (2008) [2] 513,826 (2009)[3] 486,762 (2010) [4] 501,907 (2011) [5]
Director	Dr Wolfgang Muchitsch (scientific director)
President	Peter Pakesch (artistic director)
Website	http://www.museum-joanneum.at/

The Universalmuseum Joanneum is a multidisciplinary museum in Styria, Austria. It has galleries and collections in many subject areas including archaeology, geology, palaeontology, mineralogy, botany, zoology, history, art and folk culture. It is the oldest museum in Austria^[6] as well as the largest universal museum in central Europe with over 4.5 million objects in 13 departments and 12 locations in the Styrian cities of Graz, Stainz, Trautenfels, and Wagna (Flavia Solva).^[7] To reflect this status and its growth over the last two centuries as well as to present a more recognizable image internationally, the Landesmuseum Joanneum was officially renamed to Universalmuseum Joanneum on 10 September 2009.

History

Established in 1811 by Archduke Johann, the Landesmuseum Joanneum was Austria’s first museum as well as a center for continuing education and scientific research. Notably, the Coin Cabinet and the mineralogical collection were extensive, private collections belonging to the archduke himself and form the spiritual heart of the museum's departments in disciplines from both the humanities and the natural sciences. Around this core of collections, some of the best scientists of the era taught and conducted research; Friedrich Mohs developed the Mohs scale of mineral hardness here and also, a pioneer in paleobotany, plant physiology, phytotomy and soil science, Franz Unger, taught here. In 1864 the Joanneum entered the ranks of the “k.k. technical colleges”. Following the decision to raise the institution into the ranks of imperial colleges as well as for organizational reasons and the need for more space, the institution was split in 1887. The college went on to become what is today the Graz University of Technology and the various collections of the Joanneum, both scientific and cultural-historical, were combined into the Landesmuseum Joanneum.

During the subsequent years, the new installation of the Joanneum show collections occurred in the “Lesliehof” along the Raubergasse in Graz just off the main square. However, the spatial requirements of the collections soon outgrew the confines of even this palatial residence. A new museum building was erected between 1890 and 1895 along the Neutorgasse in Graz directly behind the “Lesliehof”. This new building, designed in the neobaroque style by August Gunold, became the “New Joanneum”. Beginning in 2009, both buildings as well as the open ground between them began undergoing extensive renovation and construction. A new, central, underground entrance and three-storey, underground depot adjoining both buildings and the Styrian Provincial Library, which was also part of the original 1811 Joanneum, is being constructed creating an impressive new quarter for the Graz city center, the Joanneum Quarter, “Joanneumsviertel”. On the occasion of the Joanneum’s bicentennial in 2011 in the completely renovated Neutorgasse building, the Neue Galerie art museum and the Multimedia Collection will be opened to the public in their new home and by 2013 the newly redesigned Museum of Nature and Science in its original albeit renovated location in the “Lesliehof” will be re-opened marking the completion of the newly designed city quarter.

Until 2003, the Joanneum was governed by the Styrian regional government. In 2003, coinciding with the designation of Graz as the sole European Capital of Culture for that year, the Joanneum was spun off into a GmbH (Limited Liability Company). While the Joanneum gained some autonomy in business, marketing and budgetary decision-making with this move, the Province of Styria remains the successor of Archduke Johann and retains all ownership and property rights to the buildings and collections.

Today, the Universalmuseum Joanneum is the largest museum of its kind in central Europe and second only to the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna in size for Austrian museums in general. The Joanneum employs an international team of some 500 people across various fields from visitor services to acquisitions, conservation and preservation to scientific research. The more than 4.5 million objects counted among the various collections as well as a number of historical buildings and locations form the basis of a multifaceted exhibition program. Steeped in tradition, the Joanneum collects, preserves, conserves, researches and conveys a broad spectrum of information dealing with the nature, history, culture and art of Styria in an international context with an eye towards the future.

Locations and collections

Graz

Corporate headquarters

Universalmuseum Joanneum
Mariahilferstraße 2–4
8020 Graz, Austria, EU
P +43-316/8017-0
F +43-316/8017-9800
E welcome@museum-joanneum.at

Styrian Armory

The Landeszeughaus is a unique museum in the entire world. Never intended as a museum, it was in fact the central weapons depot of the Duchy of Styria during the Ottoman Wars. It is the only remaining armory of its type in the world. The installation has remained largely unchanged for nearly 400 years and provides the atmosphere of an authentic armory of the 17th century. 32,000 exhibits are housed in the collection; suits of armor for man and beast, coats of mail, helmets, melee weapons, firearms and other engines of war. The military history of Styria is illustrated with its own exhibition in the cannon hall.

Folkloristic Museum

Opened in 1913 and located in a former Capuchin cloister just inside Graz's only remaining Renaissance city-gate, the "Paulustor" (St. Paul's Gate) – erected under Ferdinand II – the Volkskundemuseum houses the oldest and most extensive collection of folkloristic and folk culture objects in Styria. The library of folklore contains over 14,000 individual volumes as well as an archive of original material and over 20,000 slides and historic photographs documenting the life of the rural Styrian. The newly designed show collection offers insights into the rural culture and life-style of pre-industrial Styria. The show collection emphasizes the "life", "fashion" and "beliefs" of the Styrian people and shows the social and cultural relations between the person and the objects s/he left behind. Specific features of the collection are the original smoking room and the tracht hall. The complex also includes the Antoniuskirche (Church of St. Anthony) with original paintings by Giovanni Pietro de Pomis and Hans Adam Weissenkircher where the traditional "Styrian Shepherds' and Nativity Songs" are presented annually along with new compositions by local composers.

Museum im Palais

The Styrian Treasury holds the cultural history collection of the Joanneum and encompasses around 35,000 objects from all areas of the aesthetically formed way of life – from the Middle Ages up to the present-day: They bear witness to Styrian history and offer examples of life among Styrian royalty and nobility as well as the domestic life of the aristocracy and middle-class; artisans' crafts in metal, wood, ivory, ceramic, glass and textiles as well as collections of wrought iron objects, tracht and musical instruments are presented. The Styrian ducal hat, the magnificent coach of Emperor Frederick III and a stone coat of arms from the Graz Castle count among the most significant objects in the collection. To coincide with the Joanneum's bicentennial year, the cultural history collection opened the Museum im Palais in Summer 2011 in the former Herberstein city palace along the Grazer Sackstrasse and presents a newly designed permanent exhibition complimented by special exhibitions.

The Museum im Palais is housed in the former Palais Herberstein and, in addition to the show collection and temporary exhibitions, also has the Baroque staterooms open to visitors. The Palais Herberstein was originally renovated into a Baroque city palace for the Princes of Eggenberg by Austrian architect Joseph Hueber. The palace passed into the possession of a branch of the Herberstein family in 1774 after the extinction of the male line of Eggenberg heirs.

Joanneum Quarter

The Joanneum Quarter (German: Joanneumsviertel) includes the original Joanneum building on the Raubergasse as well as the Neutorgasse building and the Styrian Provincial Library. A grand new entrance to all three buildings was built as well as a three storey deep, subterranean depot for the library's collections between the three buildings and opened for the Joanneum's bicentennial on 26 November 2011 with access to the Multimedia Collections and the Neue Galerie as well as the library. The exhibitions from the natural history departments are slated to be opened in expanded exhibition space in the original Raubergasse building in Spring of 2013.

Neue Galerie

The Neue Galerie Graz originated in 1941 with the division of the Provincial Art Gallery founded in 1811 as part of the Joanneum into the Alte Galerie – comprising Medieval to Baroque artworks up to 1800 – and the Neue Galerie Graz – comprising artworks beginning with Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism and Modern art. The museum has an extensive collection of pedagogic art from the 19th and 20th centuries featuring works by numerous Austrian artists including Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, Egon Schiele, Gustav Klimt, Maria Lassnig and Arnulf Rainer as well as international artists such as Marcel Duchamp, Robert Rauschenberg and Fred Sandback. The gallery focuses on procuring and exhibiting an ever growing collection of contemporary art. The Neue Galerie Graz also houses an extensive collection of some 40,000 graphics as well as photographs, film and video collections. Like the Künstlerhaus Graz and the KHG, the Neue Galerie Graz has stepped into the ring as a venue for contemporary artists, both local and international, with a variety of temporary exhibitions. Among these contemporary artists, controversial Styrian artist Günter Brus has a special place in the Neue Galerie Graz acquisitions and will have his own permanent exhibition space, called the Bruseum, in the newly renovated "Neutorgasse" building in the Joanneum Quarter. Because Brus' shock art pieces and those of his fellow Viennese Actionism artists are so disturbing, the Bruseum comes with a parental advisory which, in compliance with Austrian law protecting minors, warns parents that the contents of the Bruseum are not appropriate for viewers under 16 years of age.

Multimedia Collections

The Multimedia Collections (formerly known as the Picture and Tone Archives) were established in 1960 to collect photographic, film and audio material relating to Styria not only for the purposes of collecting and cataloging but also for research and educational purposes and to make these materials available to the general public. The collection presently consists of more than 2.5 million photographs, tens of thousands of audio recordings and thousands of films which document the development of the Bundesland of Styria from the dawn of the era of photography, film and audio recording to the present. The Multimedia Collections make a fitting complement to the Neue Galerie Graz and were re-opened with the Neue Galerie Graz in the newly renovated "Neutorgasse" building in the Joanneum Quarter on 26 November 2011.

Museum of Nature & Science

In 2009, as preparations for the construction of the Joanneum Quarter began, the scientific departments of the Joanneum moved to the Center for Natural History in the Andritz district of Graz. This center allows for the care of the collections as well as continued scientific research with contemporary means. Steeped in tradition, these departments form the core of the original Joanneum established by Archduke Johann and will re-open in their newly renovated, original location (the "Lesliehof") in the heart of the Joanneum Quarter in 2013. The new Museum of Nature and Science in the Joanneum Quarter will offer interdisciplinary exhibitions of in the areas of botany, zoology, geology & paleontology, and mineralogy. This portiion of the Joanneum Quarter is slated to open in Spring of 2013.

Botany

Ferns, flowering plants, mushrooms and mosses – dried, pressed, stretched and packed in paper capsules: The core of the botanical collection consists of more than half a million different, well-preserved plants. Special collections of fruits and seeds as well as models of fruits and an extensive xylotheque (library of woods) complement the herbarium which shows not only a comprehensive archive of Styrian flora, but also provides the base for research projects on local vegetation. Franz Unger did some of his early teaching and research in this department while he resided in Graz.

Zoology

The collection encompasses about 850,000 specimens typical of their respective habitats. Vertebrates take up the largest portion of the show collection. Examples from other regions – from the seashores to the original fauna of Australia – round-out the collection inventory. The primary focuses of the scientific collections are, among other things, insects and mollusks among the invertebrate animals as well as skeletons and bird's eggs among the vertebrates.

Geology & paleontology

500 million years Styrian history are gathered here: Fossilized remains of earlier living beings reveal information about ice ages, tropical seas, ancient forests and marshes. Beside the mammoths and mastodons, the cave bears and the giant deer, corals, mussels and fish are found among the core specimens of the collection. Since 1998 the department of Geology & Paleontology has organized fossil digs with schools.

Mineralogy

As with the coin cabinet collection, the mineralogical collection traces its origin to the private collection Archduke Johann, which encompassed several thousand pieces at that time. Today the inventory has grown to about 80,000 specimens. The collection presents minerals from the whole world as well as a Styrian regional collection. The mineralogy department of the Joanneum was also where Friedrich Mohs developed the Mohs scale of mineral hardness which is authoritative even today. He was the first curator of the Joanneum.

Schloss Eggenberg

Staterooms & gardens

Schloss Eggenberg was added to the registry of the Graz Old Town as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2010.^[8] Schloss Eggenberg is the most significant palace ensemble in Styria and is surrounded by an extensive scenic garden.^[9] The palace, designed by court architect Giovanni Pietro de Pomis^[10] according to the inspiration of the Spanish El Escorial is both an opulent residence intended to convey the wealth, might and status of the, at that time, owner-builder Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg as well as a complex allegory of the cosmos.^[11] Central to the multifaceted conception of its construction are an ensemble of historic interior rooms. The cycle of 24 staterooms with original accouterments and period furnishings from the 17th and 18th centuries counts among the most significant ensembles of historic interiors in all of Austria. The climax of this piano nobile is the Planetary Room which owes its name to the cycle of ceiling and wall paintings (completed in 1685) that adorn it by court painter Hans Adam Weissenkircher.^[12] His elegant melding of astrological and hermetic images, numerology and family mythology into a complicated allegory of the "Golden Age" of the House of Eggenberg is counted among the most important and impressive systems of early Baroque room-art in the whole of Central Europe.

9 hectares of gardens, mostly overgrown and lost through decades of neglect by the end of World War II, have been largely restored or reconstructed as a living monument to Romanticism and still bear today the marked influence of the last fanatical gardener to own the palace, Jérôme Count Herberstein. In the early 19th century, Count Herberstein had the palace grounds transformed into the picturesque English garden that visitors can still enjoy today.

Alte Galerie

The collections of the Alte Galerie Graz contain works by old masters of European art from the Middle Ages up to the end of the 18th century. The 22-room show collection in Schloss Eggenberg follows an innovative design; organized thematically by subject matter rather than chronologically according to art history. Objects of Romanesque art such as the "St. Nicholas Sacristy Door", Gothic art including the St. Lambrecht Votive Altarpiece, the world-renowned "Admont Madonna" and the "Death Portrait of Maximilian I" or a portrait of his first wife Mary, Duchess of Burgundy and the Greater and Lesser Miracle Altars of Mariazell are among the show collection of medieval art.^[13] Beginning with the Renaissance and going through Mannerism to the late Baroque, works by the likes of Lucas Cranach the Elder, Dosso Dossi, Sofonisba Anguissola, Bartholomeus Spranger, Pieter Brueghel the Younger, Martin Johann Schmidt, and Angelica Kauffman, to name a few, are on display in the early modern period portion of show collection.^[14][15] The inventory of the Copperplate Engravings & Etchings Cabinet of the Alte Galerie Graz is also quite extensive and contains hand drawings and print graphics from 1500 till the end of the 18th century. Among these are extensive collections of works by Rembrandt,^[16] Albrecht Dürer and Giambattista Piranesi.^[17]

Coin cabinet

As with the mineralogical collection, the Coin Cabinet traces its history back to the private collection of Archduke Johann. With over 70,000 objects, it is currently the second largest, public coin collection in Austria. Through a combination of state-of-the-art technology and historical items, the coins, currency and equipment related to minting are presented to the visitor and trace the history of regional coin circulation and minting from the prehistoric era to the eurozone. Among the most significant pieces of the collection are coins from finds in and around Styria that were in circulation in this region at the time of the Roman Empire. Additionally, Friesacher and Grazer Pfennigs from the Middle Ages and coins and medallions from the Inner Austrian mints in Graz, Klagenfurt and St. Veit an der Glan as well as from other lands of the Austro-Hungarian Empire are on display. The collection also traces the history of coin mintage and names from around the world with prehistoric Celtic coins from the region, shells, early forms of paper currency and the euro in addition to coins of international, historical significance minted in Africa, the USA, and by the Dutch East India Company among others. The permanent collection, with an additional room for temporary exhibitions, is fittingly situated in the oldest portion of palace dating to the late Middle Ages and once belonging to Balthasar Eggenberger, mint master and financier to Emperor Frederick III in the early days of Mercantilism.

Archaeology Museum & Lapidarium

Located adjacent to the Planetary Garden and Lapidarium at Schloss Eggenberg the newly constructed subterranean showroom of the archeology museum presents timeless subjects of human existence with an array of over 1200 objects from past social environments. The second largest archaeological collection of Austria unites evidence of human existence from "Styrian" prehistory with findings from Classical Antiquity, the Ancient Near East and Ancient Egypt. A worldwide, unique attraction is the Cult Wagon of Strettweg, found among grave goods from the Hallstatt culture which underwent an extensive and expert restoration and is now on permanent display. One of the most significant Roman stonemasonry collections of the eastern Alps is to be visited in the adjacent Lapidarium: 96 stones – gravestones, monuments, medallions and round sculptures–, three large remnants of mosaic floors as well as a prominent exhibit, the nearly three meter high grave stele of L. Cantius are to be found here.^[18]

Akin to the archaeology museum is the Roman Museum of Flavia Solva near the southern Styrian town of Wagna. (see below)

Museumsakademie Joanneum

Headquartered in one of the Eggenberg garden houses and working with an international network of museums and local institutions including the University of Graz and the Graz University of Technology, the Museumsakademie Joanneum encourages further education, training and research in museology, museum planning, interpretive planning, exhibit design and museum management. It also provides a platform and resources for discussions with international researchers in museology and museological theory in order to promote the continuing development of both the Joanneum and of museological practices and research around the world.

Exhibition houses

Künstlerhaus Graz

Opening in 1952, the Künstlerhaus Graz, literally "Artists' House", has served for six decades as a venue for promoting contemporary artists from Styria. Located between the Grazer Old Town and the University Quarter just outside Graz's only remaining Gothic city-gate, the "Burgtor" (Castle Gate) – erected under Frederick III, H.R.R. – the Künstlerhaus Graz provides a space for contemporary artists from in and around Styria to engage the public with their work. As part of the preparations for the city of Graz's tenure as the 2003 European Capital of Culture it was integrated into the Universalmuseum Joanneum and continues to serve in this function.

Kunsthaus Graz

Architecture, design, new media, CGI, film and photography – contemporary art in various manifestations presented under one roof. Opened in October 2003 the Kunsthaus Graz – dubbed the "Friendly Alien" by its designers Peter Cook and Colin Fournier – has been offering visitors an ever changing experience with its spectacular architecture and exhibitions by international, contemporary artists from the late 20th century to the present day. A special highlight of this blob architecture building is the "Needle": a glass viewing platform that looks out across the Mur River towards the Graz city center and the internationally recognized landmark, the Grazer Schlossberg. The BIX façade on the eastern (Mur) face of the KHG serves as an "urban screen" with 925 programmable fluorescent lamps which display messages and moving patterns of light on the surroundings.

Austrian Sculpture Park

More than 60 sculptures are embedded in a seven hectare park with rose mounds, lotus blossom ponds and labyrinths, on the southern outskirts of Graz. Since its founding in 2003, the Austrian Sculpture Park offers visitors a scenic overview of – mainly Austrian, but also international – contemporary sculpture and sculptural art as well as the rolling gardens of Swiss landscape architect Dieter Kienast. In spring, 2008 the collection was extended by the donation of the Painting to Hammer a Nail in / Cross Version by artist Yoko Ono.

Throughout Styria

Roman Museum

Located near a hill on the edge of the town of Wagna overlooking the Mur River, Flavia Solva is the most significant Roman era find in modern-day Styria. The town developed near an already existing settlement of Celts centered on the nearby hill, the Frauenberg near Leibnitz. Officially gaining full status as a Roman city by grant of a municipal charter by Vespasian in 70 AD, the settlement expanded and the local Celtic populations adopted Roman ways and technology. With a viewing platform and showroom built overlooking excavated Roman ruins, this museum offers visitors a glimpse into the everyday life, worship, and death cults of what was once the most cultured town of the Roman province of Noricum.

Schloss Trautenfels

The Baroque palace of Schloss Trautenfels is situated at the foot of the Grimming on a protruding cliff in the municipality Pürgg-Trautenfels. In the Middle Ages the cliff protrusion held a small damn on the Enns River up until the 16th century. In 1664 the area was bought by the Styrian provincial governor, Count Siegmund Friedrich von Trauttmansdorff and subsequently converted and expanded by him into an early Baroque residence which now bears his name. The staterooms feature both Renaissance and Baroque frescoes and paintings as well as the Antler Room of the Counts of Lemberg, and the stunning Marble Hall all of which are open to visitors.

Regional Landscape & Folkloristic Museum

Beginning in the 1950s a concerted effort was made to collect objects relating to the natural and cultural history of the Ennstal region of Upper Styria and the Styrian Salzkammergut. Both the splendor of the landscape and the palace itself are on display as the exhibition wanders through the various rooms of the palace. Objects of geological interest as well as the rural domestic life of the region are on display. The exhibition also displays exhibits recollecting the historic transitions and their impact on the people of the region such as the Reformation and Counter-Reformation. The permanent show collection presents about 1000 exhibits relating to both the land and the people over the course of history in of the Ennstal Valley as well as the Ausseerland from the Middle Ages to the early modern era.

Schloss Stainz

Schloss Stainz is a former Augustinian Canons Regular monastery purchased by Archduke Johann in 1840 and remains today in the estate of his heirs, the Counts of Meran. In addition to various rooms, terraces and arcades being available to rent for private functions, the former monastery also houses two of the Joanneum's collections:

Hunting Museum

The hunting museum is fittingly located in Schloss Stainz which was acquired by Archduke Johann in 1840 and used as a hunting residence. The design of the exhibition understands the hunt as a historical, sociological and philosophical-ethical phenomenon and offers the visitor a chance to examine the connections of hunting, ecology and nature. The interdisciplinary approach to this exhibition combines Baroque animal trophies, historical tools and weapons, paintings and artwork with state-of-the-art technology and museum design to illustrate the development of the hunt from the Stone Age through Roman times up to the time of nobles and the early days of the middle-class.

Agriculture Museum

The agriculture museum likewise compliments the forward thinking of Archduke Johann. The main focus of the collection is to show the rural farming, husbandry and forestry techniques prior to industrialization as well as the implements and photographic evidence relating to these practices. Original room furnishings from the 17th and 18th centuries provide a view into the different dimensions of rural life in Styria. The open areas hold a smithy, a cabbage pit, herb garden, an orchard and a small field to demonstrate various aspects of this pre-industrial, rural lifestyle.

Bibliography

• Van Uffelen, Chris. Contemporary Museums - Architecture, History, Collections, Braun Publishing, 2010, ISBN 978-3-03768-067-4, pages 132-141.

References

Further information

• Das Joanneum – Österreichs Universalmuseum (2006) [DVD] By Günther Schilhan (director) & Helmut Gesslbauer (producer), Austria: ORF Steiermark
• Schloss Eggenberg. By Barbara Kaiser. Graz: Christian Brandstätter Verlag, 2006. ISBN 3-902510-80-3 (English Edition) or ISBN 3-902510-96-X (German Edition) (available through the Joanneum)
• Alte Galerie – Masterpieces. By Ulrich Becker et al. Graz: Landesmuseum Joanneum, 2005. (English edition) ISBN 3-7011-7533-0
• Katalog: Alte Galerie am Landesmuseum Joanneum – Mittelalterliche Kunst. By Gottfried Biedermann & Günther Diem. Graz: Landesmuseum Joanneum, 1982.
• Hans Adam Weissenkircher: Fürstlich Eggenbergischer Hofmaler. By Barbara Ruck. Graz: Landesmuseum Joanneum, 1985.
• Giovanni Pietro de Pomis. By Kurt Woisetschläger et al. Graz: Verlag Styria, 1974. ISBN 3-222-10847-1
• Eggenberg – Geschichte und Alltag. By Gerhard M. Dienes & Karl Kurbinzky et al. Graz: Stadtmuseum Graz, 1999. ISBN 3-900764-22-0
• Die Römersteinsammlung des Landesmuseum Joanneum. By Erich Hudeczek. Graz: Landesmuseum Joanneum, 2004. ISBN 3-9500410-3-6
• Krieger, Feste, Totenopfer – Der letzte Hallstattfürst von Kleinklein in der Steiermark. By Markus Egg & Dieter Kramer. Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, 2004. ISBN 3-222-10847-1
• Piranesi. By Anđelka Galić. Graz: Landesmuseum Joanneum, 2004. ISBN 978390209510
• Bildwerke: Renaissance – Manierismus – Barock. By Gottfried Biedermann et al. Klagenfurt: Verlag Carinthia, 1996. ISBN 3-85378-442-9
• Rembrandt – Radierungen. By Karen Leitner-Ruhe et al. Graz: Alte Galerie am Landesmuseum Joanneum, 2006. ISBN 3-902095-07-5

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Landesmuseum Joanneum.

• Official Site
• Joanneum Quarter
• Kultur Steiermark
• Urlaub in Österreich

Coordinates: 47°04′21″N 15°26′13″E / 47.0725°N 15.436814°E / 47.0725; 15.436814