Ulucanlar Prison Museum

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Ulucanlar Prison Museum
Ulucanlar Cezaevi Müzesi
Location of Ulucanlar Prison Museum in Turkey
Established July 2011
Location Ulucanlar, Altındağ, Ankara, Turkey
Coordinates 39°56′19″N 32°52′23″E / 39.93848°N 32.87311°E / 39.93848; 32.87311Coordinates: 39°56′19″N 32°52′23″E / 39.93848°N 32.87311°E / 39.93848; 32.87311
Type Prison
Owner Altındağ Municiaplity
Website www.ulucanlarcezaevimuzesi.com

The Ulucanlar Prison Museum (Turkish: Ulucanlar Cezaevi Müzesi) is a former state prison located at in Ankara, Turkey that was converted into a prison museum following restoration by Altındağ Municipality. The museum was opened in 2011. It is the first museum of its kind in Turkey.[1]

Prison

History

Ulucanlar Prison was established in 1925 in the Ulucanlar neighborhood of Altındağ district in Ankara, which had recently become the new capital of the Turkish Republic.[2]

The facility was built as a military depot in 1923 on an area of 34,000 m2 (370,000 sq ft).[3][4][5] In its history, it was renamed several times and called "Cebeci Tevkifhanesi" (Cebeci Jail), "Cebeci Umumi Hapishanesi" (Cebeci Public Prison), "Cebeci Sivil Cezaevi" (Cebeci Civilian Prison), "Ankara Merkez Kapalı Cezaevi" (Ankara Central Closed Prison) and finally "Ulucanlar Merkez Kapalı Cezaevi" (Ulucanlar Central Closed Prison).[6]

The correction and detention facilities in Turkey are officially categorized in three security level groups as closed (Turkish: kapalı), semi-open (Turkish: yarı açık) and open (Turkish: açık) prisons. Closed prisons are maximum security penitentiaries with external and internal control that hold violent prisoners and those judged most likely to escape. Semi-open prisons are medium security correctional institutions without external control but with only internal physical barriers that house prisoners bearing a moderate escape risk, who also have a job. Open prisons are low security, work-oriented prison camps with no external control and internal physical barriers that hold inmates, who are allowed to have limited interaction with the public.[7][8] As of September 1999, the mixed-sex prison hosted 776 detainees and prisoners held in nineteen wards in the close and semi-open prison sections.[5] The prison's healthcare facility had a capacity of forty beds.[4]

Several prison riots broke out in July, September and December 1999.[9][10] Ten inmates died and at least 28 were injured in September[11] while three men's wards and some of the women's wards were destroyed. At this time, an incomplete escape tunnel was discovered.[12]

In 2006, the inmates of the closed prison section were transferred to a newly built prison in Sincan, Ankara.[1][5] The evacuation of the semi-open prison section took place later.[5] From its establishment until its closing in 2006, Ulucanlar Prison witnessed the history of democracy and many political periods in Turkey. During its 81-year existence, it hosted many notable intellectuals with different political views as journalists, poets, writers, as well as professional politicians alongside political activists and criminals. Among them were professional politicians Bülent Ecevit, Leyla Zana and Hatip Dicle, journalists Metin Toker and Cüneyt Arcayürek, and the writers Kemal Tahir, Yaşar Kemal and Fakir Baykurt. The prison was also the site of torture and cruelty as well as many prison riots and executions.[6][13]

Notable inmates

Among the notable people who were detained or imprisoned were:[6]

  • Necip Fazıl Kısakürek (1904–1983), poet, novelist, playwright, philosopher and activist
  • Nazım Hikmet Ran (1902–1963) poet, playwright, novelist and memoirist
  • Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu (1954–2009), right-wing, nationalist-Islamist politician
  • Osman Bölükbaşı (1913–2002), politician, party leader
  • Osman Yüksel Serdengeçti (1917–1983), journalist and politician
  • Bülent Ecevit (1925–2006), poet, writer, journalist, social-democratic politician and four-time prime minister
  • Fakir Baykurt (1929–1999), educator, writer and labor union leader
  • Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın (1875–1957), journalist, writer and politician
  • Cevat Şakir Kabaağaçlı (1890–1973), novelist, short-story writer, essayist, ethnographer and travel writer
  • Yılmaz Güney (1937–1984), film director, scenarist, novelist and actor
  • Deniz Gezmiş (1947–1972), Marxist-Leninist revolutionary and political activist (executed)
  • Yusuf Aslan (1947–1972), Marxist-Leninist revolutionary and political activist (executed)
  • Hüseyin İnan (1949–1972), Marxist-Leninist revolutionary and armed political activist (executed)
  • Necdet Adalı (1958–1980), Marxist-Leninist revolutionary and political activist (executed)
  • Erdal Eren (1964–1980), Marxist-Leninist revolutionary and political activist (executed)
  • Mustafa Pehlivanoğlu (1958–1980), right-wing, nationalist-Islamist activist (executed)
  • Ali Bülent Orkan (1957–1982), right-wing, nationalist-Islamist activist (executed)
  • Fikri Arıkan (1950–1982), right-wing, nationalist-Islamist activist (executed)
  • Sırrı Süreyya Önder (born 1962), film director, actor, screenwriter, columnist and politician

Executions

Nineteen executions took place in the prison yard by hanging. Among the notable inmates sentenced to capital punishment and executed were:[6]

  • İskilipli Mehmed Atıf Hoca (1875–1926), Islamic scholar, opponent of dress reform
  • Deniz Gezmiş (1947–1972), Marxist-Leninist revolutionary and political activist
  • Hüseyin İnan (1949–1972), Marxist-Leninist revolutionary and armed political activist
  • Necdet Adalı (1958–1980), Marxist-Leninist revolutionary and political activist
  • Mustafa Pehlivanoğlu (1958–1980), right-wing, nationalist-Islamist activist

Museum

Restoration

The prison facility was officially declared a building to be protected for historic interest, and may not for that reason be demolished, extended, or altered without special permission.[5] Altındağ Municipality restored the prison buildings to its original form and opened to the public as a museum in July 2011.[13]

Long lasting restoration work that cost around 10 million[5] (US$6.7 million as of 2010) was carried out very accurate since no archive was available due to two fires occurred in the prison building in the past.[6][5] All the available documents relating to the 81-year history of the prison were limited to some photographs from 1997 and plans from the restoration project carried out in 2000.[1] Needed exhibition material and still lacking information to make up the museum were collected from the relatives of the inmates after due persuasion. In the museum, there is a library with books written by the prisoners and books over the political lifetime of Turkey as well as court protocols. Original graffiti on the inside walls and oil paintings are carefully kept. All the exhibited items are original.[6] The museum serves also as a place of cultural activities with its art gallery, meeting and conference halls as well as a film set.[5][6]

Exhibits

In the entrance of the museum, the Ninth and Tenth Ward are situated, which were metaphorically called "Hilton Ward" because of their smaller size in relation to the other prison wards and therefore relative comfort.[6][1] Prominent politicians like Bülent Ecevit and Osman Bölükbaşı were interned in these wards, where their biographies are shown on the bunk beds.[6]

Isolation cells were reserved for high-profile criminals. Yelling of wardens and horrible screams of tortured prisoners in the isolation cells sound out of the loudspeakers while walking in the hallways.[1] Clanging historic türkü (folk songs) and poems are heard reminding the era of the tortures and executions.[6]

In the isolation cells and the Fourth Ward, there are twenty-two wax sculptures depicting inmates in different positions in their daily prison life. On the bunk beds of the Fifth Ward, biographies of notable inmates are attached. The Sixth Ward incorporates, in addition to more biographies, personal belongings of notable inmates such as watches, cigarettes, walking sticks, dishes, glasses, teapot and such other personal articles.[1][6]

In the grand yard, the Turkish bath for the prisoners is situated. On the branches of a wish tree in the yard hang photographs of many notable inmates.[6] There is also an original gallows in the yard with the original hangman's knot on.[6] Nineteen executions took place there.[6]

Upon request, a special segregation unit was constructed over the existing isolation cells.[6] For an additional payment, visitors can be locked in this unit for fifteen minutes or one hour to better perceive the prison conditions.[6] To experience this, they enter the cell escorted by a warden after turning over their watch and cellphone, and getting handcuffed.[6] These visitors are not permitted to leave the cell before their time is up.[6]

In popular culture

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Koldemir, Eren (June 2012). "Acıların ve Hüzünlerin Müzesi: Ulucanlar Cezaevi". e-Bülten (in Turkish) (Atılım Üniversitesi) (26). ISSN 1306-3472. 
  2. ↑ "Ulucanlar Cezaevi Müzesi'ne gezi". Sabah (in Turkish). 2013-03-09. Retrieved 2013-03-31. 
  3. ↑ "Ulucanlar Cezaevi Raporu". TBMM İnsan Haklarını İnceleme Komisyonu (in Turkish) (Ankara: TBMM Basımevi). Retrieved 2013-04-01. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 TBMM Raporu p.3
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 "Ulucanlar kültür merkezi olacak" (in Turkish). arkitera. 2009-01-26. Retrieved 2013-04-01. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 "Ulucanlar Cezaevi müze oldu". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 2010-12-28. Retrieved 2013-03-31. 
  7. ↑ "Ceza İnfaz Kurumları İle Tevkifevlerinin Yönetimine ve Cezaların İnfazina Dair Tüzük" (in Turkish). TBMM. Retrieved 2013-04-16. 
  8. ↑ "Ceza ve Tedbirlerin İnfazı Hakkında Kanun Tasarısı ve Adalet Komisyonu Raporu (1/933)" (in Turkish). TBMM. 2004-12-09. Retrieved 2013-04-16. 
  9. ↑ "Cezaevinde isyan dalgası". Sabah Online (in Turkish). 1999-07-21. Retrieved 2013-04-02. 
  10. ↑ "Ulucanlar'da yine isyan". Hürriyet Online (in Turkish). 1999-12-23. Retrieved 2013-04-02. 
  11. ↑ "PKK'lılar katılmadı". Sabah Online (in Turkish). 1999-09-28. Retrieved 2013-04-02. 
  12. ↑ TBMM Raporu p.4
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "81 yıllık geçmişi ile Ulucanlar Cexaevi Müze oldu" (in Turkish). Ulucanlar Cezaevi Müzesi. Retrieved 2013-03-31. 
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