Udmurt language

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Udmurt
удмурт кыл udmurt kyl
Native to	Russia
Region	Udmurtia
Ethnicity	Udmurts
Native speakers	340,000 (2010 census)^[1]
Language family	Uralic Permic Udmurt
Official status
Official language in	Udmurtia (Russia)
Language codes
ISO 639-2	`udm`
ISO 639-3	`udm`

Udmurt (удмурт кыл, udmurt kyl) is a Uralic language, part of the Permic subgroup, spoken by the Udmurt natives of the Russian constituent republic of Udmurtia, where it is coofficial with Russian. It is written using a Cyrillic alphabet, including five characters not used in the Russian alphabet: Ӝ/ӝ, Ӟ/ӟ, Ӥ/ӥ, Ӧ/ӧ, and Ӵ/ӵ. Together with Komi and Komi-Permyak languages, it constitutes the Permic grouping. Among outsiders, it has traditionally been referred to by its Russian exonym, Votyak. Udmurt has borrowed vocabulary from the neighboring languages Tatar and Russian.

Ethnologue estimates 550,000 native speakers (77%) in an ethnic population of 750,000 in the former USSR (1989 census).^[2]

Alphabet

The Udmurt alphabet is based on the Russian Cyrillic alphabet:

Udmurt alphabet

Uppercase	Lowercase	Transliteration^[3]	IPA	Letter name
A	a	a	[ɑ]	а
Б	б	b	[b]	бэ
В	в	v	[v]	вэ
Г	г	g	[g]	гэ
Д	д	d	[d]; palatal [dʲ] when followed by я, е, и, ё, ю or ь	дэ
Е	е	e, ye	[je]; [ʲe] when preceded by д, т, з, с, л, or н	е
Ë	ë	yo	[jo]; [ʲo] when preceded by д, т, з, с, л, or н	ё
Ж	ж	zh	[ʒ]	жэ
Ӝ	ӝ	dzh	[dʒ]	ӝэ
З	з	z	[z]; palatal [ʑ] when followed by я, е, и, ё, ю or ь	зэ
Ӟ	ӟ	j	[dʲʑ]	ӟe
И	и	i	[i]; [ʲi] when preceded by д, т, з, с, л, or н	и
Ӥ	ӥ	ï	[i]	точкаен и, точкаосын и ("dotted i")
Й	й	y	[j]	вакчи и ("short i")
К	к	k	[k]	ка
Л	л	l	[ɫ]; palatal [lʲ] when followed by я, е, и, ё, ю or ь	эл
М	м	m	[m]	эм
Н	н	n	[n]; palatal [nʲ] when followed by я, е, и, ё, ю or ь	эн
О	о	o	[o]	o
Ӧ	ӧ	ö	[ʌ] ~ [ə]	ӧ
П	п	p	[p]	пэ
Р	р	r	[r]	эр
С	с	s	[s]; palatal [ɕ] when followed by я, е, и, ё, ю or ь	эс
Т	т	t	[t]; palatal [tʲ] when followed by я, е, и, ё, ю or ь	тэ
У	у	u	[u]	у
Ф¹	ф	f	[f]	эф
Х¹	х	kh	[x]	ха
Ц¹	ц	ts	[t͡s]	цэ
Ч	ч	ch	[t͡ɕ]	чэ
Ӵ	ӵ	tsh	[t͡ʃ]	ӵэ
Ш	ш	sh	[ʃ]	ша
Щ¹	щ	shch	[ɕ], [ɕː]	ща
Ъ²	ъ	”	–	чурыт пус ("hard sign")
Ы	ы	y	[ɨ] ~ [ɯ]	ы
Ь	ь	’	[ʲ]	небыт пус ("soft sign")
Э	э	e	[e]	э
Ю	ю	yu	[ju]; [ʲu] when preceded by д, т, з, с, л, or н	ю
Я	я	ya	[jɑ]; [ʲa] when preceded by д, т, з, с, л, or н	я

¹ Only used in Russian loanwords and names.
² Silent, but required to distinguish palatalized consonants (/dʲ tʲ zʲ sʲ lʲ n/) from unpalatalized consonants followed by /j/ if followed by a vowel; for example, /zʲo/ and /zjo/ are written -зё- and -зъё-, respectively.

Phonology

The language does not distinguish between long and short vowels and does not have vowel harmony.

		Labial	Alveolar		Post- alveolar	Alveolo- palatal	Palatal		Velar
		Labial	plain	lat.	Post- alveolar	Alveolo- palatal	plain	lat.	Velar
Plosive	voiceless	p	t						k
Plosive	voiced	b	d						ɡ
Affricate	voiceless		(t͡s)		t͡ʃ	t͡ɕ
Affricate	voiced		(d͡z)		d͡ʒ	d͡ʑ
Fricative	voiceless	(f)	s		ʃ	ɕ			(x)
Fricative	voiced	v	z		ʒ	ʑ
Nasal		m	n				ɲ		ŋ
Approximant				l			j	ʎ
Trill			r

The consonants /f x t͡s/ are restricted to loanwords, and are traditionally replaced by /p k t͡ɕ/ respectively.

	Front	Central	Back
	Front	Central	Unrounded	Round
Close	i	ɨ~ɯ		u
Mid	e	ə	ʌ	o
Open	a

Grammar

Main article: Udmurt grammar

Udmurt language textbook, 1898 (in Russian)

Udmurt is an agglutinating language. It uses affixes to express possession, to specify mode, time, and so on.

Lexicon

Depending on the style, about 10 to 30 percent of the Udmurt lexicon consists of loanwords. Many loanwords are from the Tatar language, which has also strongly influenced Udmurt phonology and syntax. Words related to technology, science and politics have been borrowed from Russian.

A bilingual sign proclaiming "welcome" in Russian "добро пожаловать" /dobro poʒalovatʲ/ (upper) and Udmurt "гажаса ӧтиськом" /gaʒasa ətʲiɕkom/ (lower). This picture was taken in Izhevsk, the capital of Udmurtia.

Bibliography

Kel'makov, Valentin; Sara Hännikäinen (2008). Udmurtin kielioppia ja harjoituksia (in Finnish) (2nd ed.). Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. ISBN 978-952-5150-34-6. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
Moreau, Jean-Luc (2009). Parlons Oudmourte. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 2-296-07951-2.

References

↑ Udmurt reference at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
↑ Ethnologue code=UDM
↑ "BGN/PCGN romanization of udmurt". Retrieved 24 March 2012.

External links

Udmurt edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

v t e Uralic languages

Finnic	Estonian Northeastern coastal South Estonian Võro Seto Finnish Kven Meänkieli Ingrian Karelian Karelian proper Livvi Ludic Livonian Veps Votic

Sami	Akkala Inari Kainuu Kemi Kildin Lule Northern Pite Skolt Southern Ter Ume

Mordvinic	Erzya Moksha

Mari	Hill Mari Meadow Mari

Permic	Komi Zyrian Permyak Yodzyak Udmurt

Samoyedic	Enets Yurats Nenets Forest Nenets Tundra Nenets Nganasan Kamassian Mator Selkup

Others	Hungarian Khanty Mansi Merya Meshcherian Muromian

Italics indicate extinct languages

v t e State languages of Russia

Federal language	Russian

Languages of federal subjects	Abaza Adyghe Agul Altai Avar Azerbaijani Bashkir Buryat Chechen Chuvash Dargwa Erzya Ingush Kabardian Kalmyk Karachay-Balkar Khakas Komi Kumyk Lak Lezgian Mari Moksha Nogai Ossetic Rutul Sakha Tabasaran Tat Tatar Tsakhur Tuvan Udmurt

Scripts	Cyrillic Cyrillic Braille

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