Tympanosclerosis

Tympanosclerosis (also known as myringosclerosis or intratympanic tympanosclerosis) is a condition caused by calcification of tissues in the middle ear, sometimes resulting in a detrimental effect to hearing.^[1][2]

Classification

Myringosclerosis refers to a calcification only within the tympanic membrane and is usually less extensive than intratympanic tympanosclerosis, which refers to any other location within the middle ear such as the ossicular chain, middle ear mucosa or, less frequently, the mastoid cavity.^[3]

Signs and symptoms

Few symptoms present as a result of tympanosclerosis. Myringosclerosis rarely results with any symptoms.^[3] Tympanosclerosis, on the other hand, can result with significant hearing loss^[3] or chalky, white patches on the middle ear or temporal membrane.^[1]

Causes

The aetiology for tympanosclerosis is not extensively understood. There are several probable factors which could result in the condition appearing, including:

• Long term otitis media (or 'glue ear')^[2]
• Insertion of a tympanostomy tube.^[4][5][6] If aspiration is performed as part of the insertion, the risk of tympanosclerosis occurring increases.^[7] Risk also increases if a larger tube is used,^[8] or if the procedure is repeated.^[9]
• Atherosclerosis^[10]
• There is ongoing research as to whether or not cholesteatoma is associated with tympanosclerosis. If there is an association, it is likely that the two conditions co-exist.^[2]

Pathophysiology

Increased fibroblast activity results in deposition of collagen. Calcium phosphate plaques then form in the lamina propria of the tympanic membrane.^[1][2]

Diagnosis

If lesions are typical, non-extensive and with no detriment to hearing, investigation into the condition is rarely required. Audiometry is used to determine the extent of hearing loss, if any.^[3] Tympanometry produces tympanograms which can be different when tympanosclerosis is present.^[11] Computerised tomography (CT) can be used to determine if disease is present in the middle ear.^[12] Whilst hearing loss is a common symptom in many diseases of the ear, for example in otosclerosis (abnormal bone growth in the ear),^[3] the white, chalky patches on the tympanic membrane are fairly characteristic of tympanosclerosis. Cholesteatoma is similar in appearance but the whiteness is behind the tympanic membrane, rather than inside.^{[citation needed]}

Treatment

Hearing aids are a common treatment for hearing loss disorders. A more specific treatment is surgical, involving excision of the sclerotic areas and then further repair of the ossicular chain. There are several techniques, sometimes involving two surgeries;^[2][13] success rates are, however, variable.^[14][15][16] Damage to the inner ear as a result of surgical procedures is a possible and serious concern, as it can result in forms of sensorineural deafness.^[17]

Prognosis

In most cases, tympanosclerosis does not cause any recognisable hearing loss up to ten years after the initial disease onset.^[5][18] Sclerotic changes seem to stabilise, but not resolve or dissolve, after 3 years.^[9][19]

Epidemiology

Myringosclerosis seems to be more common than tympanosclerosis.^[2] Most research has not been conducted upon the general, healthy population, but rather those with otitis media or patients who have had tympanostomy tubes in prior procedures. Of the children studied who had 'glue ear', and who were treated with tympanostomy tubing, 23-40% of cases had tympanosclerosis.^{[4][9][20][21]} One study suggested that people with atherosclerosis were more likely to have tympanosclerosis than otherwise healthy individuals.^[10]

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tympanosclerosis.

Tympanosclerosis - Image of tympanosclerosis as revealed by otoscopy.