Twilight Club

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The Twilight Club was a dinner club in New York City that operated from 1883 until 1904. It was founded by Charles F. Wingate "to cultivate good fellowship and enjoy rational recreation."[1]

The Twilight Club (1883-1904)

On January 4, 1883, the Twilight Club was founded by Charles Frederick Wingate [1] [2] [3] [4][5] during "a gathering at Mouquin's restaurant of a number of congenial friends..."[6] Meetings consisted of dinner after which attendees would engage in "owl talk",[7] or discussions both humorous and serious on disputable topics of the day. Some recorded topics were fishing, rearing of children and the value of a college education. Sometimes the questions would be hypotheticals such as "what would you do if you were King of Manhattan Island?", or "who is the most remarkable man on earth?"[1] [8] [9]

The inspiration for the club came from a dinner at Delmonico's held to honor sociologist Herbert Spencer on November 9, 1882,[10] [11][12][13] prior to his departure from the United States.[14] Herbert Spencer made a speech on this occasion in which he said, "We have had somewhat too much of the Gospel of Work; it is time to preach the Gospel of Relaxation."[13] This motto engendered the formation of the Twilight Club.[10][13] Herbert Spencer did not participate in the Club. However, Charles Wingate offered him an honorary membership, which, upon acceptance, he offered this advice to the Club, "I would, however, remark that the reports of your proceedings seem to imply rather more gravity of speech in your conversations than is altogether consistent with the 'expectation of relaxation.'"[15] The official motto of the club was, "To cultivate good fellowship and enjoy rational recreation."[1]

Membership, Principles and Officers

An article in 1884,[16] states, "Among all the clubs in New York, of which prominent men are members, few are not better known than the Twilight club, and, at the same time, few are more worthy of note…" While the members were "club-able fellows with $1,"[1][6][13][13] some dinners were "ladies' nights", where women were involved and active in the discussions. By January 1887, the Club went through growing pains and found that their membership dues of $1 per year could not cover their expenses and raised the amount to $2 per year[17] and later to $3 per year.[6] "Full dress was absolutely prohibited", although sometimes diners would wear full dinner dress. Instead of rules, they had principles. Additions and amendments were accepted, but they were required to be submitted in writing, along with a deposit of $17.34 (as a guarantee of good faith) two years before being voted on.[1][16][18]

PRINCIPLES OF THE TWILIGHT CLUB

  • No dues
  • No debts
  • No by-laws
  • No president
  • No constitution
  • No salaries
  • No initiation fee (This principle was not noted in Joel Benton's 1910 biography of the Club)[1]
  • No full dress
  • No mutual admiration
  • No defalcations
  • No decamping treasurer
  • No watered stock
  • No parliamentary rules
  • No previous questions
  • No lengthy speeches
  • No late hours
  • No profanity
  • No 'fish stories'
  • No 'sailors' yarns'
  • No dueling
  • No free dinners
  • No scandal
  • No bribery
  • No personalities
  • No party politics
  • No preaching
  • No gambling
  • No dynamite
  • No 'bouncer'
  • No conventionality
  • No grand reform
  • No high ideal
  • No 'papers'
  • No 'dudes'
  • No puns
  • No gush
  • No cant
  • No red tape
  • No formality
  • No humbug

There was an executive committee. However, the only officer was Charles F. Wingate, who acted as "secretary, treasurer, committee of admission, and head and doer of what ever was to be done." Wingate kept a complete list of members, which was published in a contemporaneous biography of the Club and corroborated in multiple newspaper articles at the time.[1][6][10][18][19]

Dinners

Dinner began promptly at 6 and ran until 8 followed by two and a half hours of intellectual discussion. Speeches were limited to 5 minutes[20] "with the express understanding that each orator will speak his inmost thoughts without hesitation or reserve, and with the perfect assurance of the esteem and good-will of all his listeners."[18] During its most active period, the club met every two weeks,[13][21] eight months of the year. It was called the Twilight Club because the meetings happened much earlier than other clubs in the city. Meetings could be over before other similar clubs had begun dinner. The low cost, sometimes just the cost of dinner, the early hours and the casual nature of the discussions were unique factors that led to the Club's popularity among its members.[1][10][18][22]

The St. Denis Hotel (also referred to as the Hotel St. Denis) became the most common location for gatherings.[1][18][22] There was no permanent master of ceremonies. For each dinner, the secretary Charles F. Wingate would appoint one member to be the president for the night. Wingate would inform the temporary president of the program for the evening and coach him in conducting the discussion. The dining party consisted of a mixture of paid members, their guests, and invited experts who were brought in to give their testimony and opinions in reference to the topic of discussion for that evening.[1][22]

The following is a catalogue of noted gatherings (dates, location, topics, attendees and guest speakers):

  • April 1884, D'orville's restaurant in the Mills Building. "How did you make your first dollar? & Fish and Fishing." The dinner was on the 9th floor requiring attendees to climb 215 stairs.[1][19][22]
  • March 1885, D'Orville's restaurant, "How Should Girls be Trained?". Ideas proposed included allowing girls to play football and abandoning corsets. This meeting, described as 60-odd members, was lampooned in the New York times saying, "A more reckless display of mingled ignorance and presumption has never been made by any club in this city or elsewhere." [23][24]
  • January 1887, "Where shall we go to church in 1987?".[13][17]
  • January 1888, "What Would you do if you were King of Manhattan Island?" 300 men and women diners in attendance.[8]
  • June 1890, "Is it worth while to go to College?", 80 gentlemen attended.[25]
  • December 1892, "What shall we do with our slums!".[7]
  • January 1893, St. Denis Hotel, "The American Drama", 100 ladies with their escorts attended.[26]
  • May 1893, St. Denis Hotel, "Who is the most remarkable man on earth?", 52 members present. They lauded Grover Cleveland, Otto von Bismark, Kaiser Wilhelm, Pope Leo XIII.[9]
  • December 1894, St. Denis Hotel. "Is the theater going to the dogs?", 18 members of the American Dramatists' Club invited as guest speakers.[27]
  • December 1894, St. Denis Hotel, "What are the churches doing for the people?", Guest speaker: Miss Ballington Booth, 200 women and men present.[28][29]
  • April 1896, St. Denis Hotel, "The Cuban question.", 150 members and guests attended, Guest speakers: 2 NY businessmen of Cuban descent.[30]
  • December 1896, St. Denis Hotel, "The ethics of the bargain counter." Guest speaker: a member of the Union Labor League.[31]
  • January 1897, St. Denis Hotel, "As others see us."[32]
  • February 1897, St. Denis Hotel, "The problem of luxury - Shall we drink champagne or beer?"[33][34]
  • October 1897, St. Denis Hotel, The upcoming election was the topic. 90 club members attended.[35]
  • January 1901, St. Denis Hotel, "The record of the century."[36]
  • May 1901, "Tenement House Laws." Guest speakers: Social Reform Club & Sanitary Protective League.[37]
  • November 1901, St. Denis Hotel, Discussed what they would do if they were mayor-elect. 30 members attended.[38]
  • November 1904, St. Denis Hotel, Discussed whether Russia or Japan should be given sympathy in the present Far Eastern storm. Guest Speaker: Poultney Bigelow.[39]

End of The Twilight Club

Club meetings ended in the early 1900s with the last reported meeting in 1904.[39] In 1910, Joel Benton[3] recounts that, "The Club has held no gatherings of late years, on account of its founder's now fatally terminated illness" and "The Club, beginning in 1883, suspended 5 or 6 years ago."[1] Waters said, "But alas! Wingate is absent, and there is no one to replace him."[22] When Charles Wingate Died in 1909, he was noted as the founder of the Twilight Club, and as its secretary.[2] The club lasted over twenty years and hosted hundreds of dinners with guests numbering from dozens to several hundred.

Manhattan Athletic Club

In 1893, the Manhattan Athletic Club went into receivership. Charles Wingate and a consortium of Twilight Club Members raised $500,000 to purchase the building as a permanent home for the club. They also intended to rent the club to other similar social clubs that could benefit from such a meeting place. While dues had been raised from $1 to $2, at the time of the athletic club purchase, Wingate mentions the initiation fee of $100 and dues of $15, which is contrasted with the dues of $30 for a similar club in London.At the time the club reported 800 members, although attendance at dinners was reported as between 50 and 200, depending on the event. The Twilight Club hoped to increase membership to 1,500 with this purchase.[40][41] However, no record of a purchase or such club operations was recorded. The only noted use in this time period was for conducting boxing matches.[42][43][44] The Twilight Club continued to have dinners mainly at the St. Denis Hotel following discussions of this purchase.

Twilight Park

Twilight Park in the Catskill region of New York was founded by Charles F. Wingate. Besides the name and a handful of Twilight Club members purchasing property there, it had no connection to the Twilight Club and its operations.[1]

The Misappropriation of the Twilight Club Legacy

Summary

After the death of Charles Wingate, the history of The Twilight Club has been embroidered by successive incarnations of groups under this title, notably by Walter Russell through The Society of Arts and Science and The University of Science and Philosophy. To lesser and greater degrees, the history, principles and traditions of Wingate's Twilight Club have been rewritten by these groups for documented reasons ranging from financial gain to providing a foundation for and continuity to the organization's agenda.[45][46]

In 1910, a new Twilight Club, under the direction of John Francis Tucker, was formed. It was presented to function in the same spirit as Wingate's club. However, the Club pandered to notable and famous persons in order to bolster attendance and charged five times more for the dinners.

In 1918, the Society of Arts and Science, an offshoot of Tucker's Twilight Club, began abandoning the concept, activities and principles for which The Twilight Club was known. No longer a dinner club, they held gatherings with one or a panel of notable speakers to address the Society. The only other functions they organized were to award prizes for their new literary contests. They rewrote history naming Herbert Spencer the founder of the Club with no mention to Charles Wingate. Despite the name change, they maintained the foundational claim to Wingate's Twilight Club.

From 1928 until the ending of the Society of Arts and Science in 1936, the Society departed even further from any claim to Wingate's Club. They held banquets to bestow their self-appointed honors on famous individuals, such as Thomas Edison and John Philip Sousa. The medals given at these ceremonies were crafted by their president, Walter Russell.

The Society lay dormant from 1937 until 1946, when Walter Russell and his second wife Lao Russell invoked The Society of Arts and Science as the origin of their University of Science and Philosophy. The University cited the beginning of The Twilight Club with the erroneous claim of foundation by Herbert Spencer. In the following years, The University of Science and Philosophy increased the founding group to include such luminaries as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Mark Twain as well as offering a history of the group that is at odds with the verifiable historical record.

In 1999, the University of Science & Philosophy inaugurated a new Twilight Club claiming it to have "a vision as far-reaching as the original Twilight Club, connecting the University once again with its origin and its history." Throughout their 2000 book, The Twilight Manifesto,[47] the University lays out a landscape of new interpretations of the Club's values and weaves this together with Walter Russell's version of the Twilight Club. While these misstatements in and of themselves seem harmless, they form part of the credibility of paid courses, books and seminars offered through The University of Science and Philosophy and spinoff business ventures.

Twilight Club Revival (1910-1916)

Following the death of Charles F. Wingate, a new Twilight Club was formed by John Francis Tucker,[4] a lawyer and author,[48][49] The new Club followed the tradition of a frequent dining and discussion Club, even continuing the dinner count where Wingate's Club left off. The meetings were held at different venues and the number of attendees varied and peaked at 700.[11][50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86]

Despite these similarities, the validity of the new Twilight Club as the heir to Wingate's Club surfaced. Joseph Rinn reported, "It was about this period that J. Francis Tucker, a clever lawyer, managed to get control of the Twilight Club and was elected president. He quickly made the club over from a newspapermen's organization to one for personal gain. He induced people of wealth and distinction, lured by the old Twilight reputation, to attend its forum dinners at five dollars per plate, which were held every two weeks."[45]

Society of Arts and Science, New York (1918-1927)

In 1917 no notable gatherings were reported of Tucker's "Twilight Club." When dinners resumed in 1918, it was under the title of "The Arts & Science Forum of the Twilight Club."[87] By the end of that same year gatherings were being held solely by a group called the "Society of Arts and Science."[88] Instead of the informal discussion dinners of Wingate's Twilight Club, the Society would hold functions inviting famous guests to bestow honors upon or to have make long speeches and presentations mainly on political and social issues.[89][90][91][92][93][94][95] In her 1935 autobiography,[46] Charlotte Perkins Gilman describes the group thus:

"New York abounds with dinner clubs and lunch clubs, with speeches. I used to enjoy the old Twilight Club, to which the original conditions of membership, they said, were the possession of a clean shirt and a dollar - or was it a half-dollar? But after they assumed the name of the Society of Arts and Sciences, to which they had not the faintest shadow of a claim, and the purpose of which was but too obviously to induce visiting foreigners to accept invitation to speak for them, for nothing -- I have declined to meet with them."

Beyond notable people, the general public had also begun to lose interest in the Society's gatherings. Before his death in 1921, John F. Tucker sent out 5000 invitations to a dinner and only received 40 acceptances. He subsequently cancelled the dinner.[48] Reports of the Society's gatherings after Tucker's death drop off dramatically and terminate entirely in late 1922, after which the annual O. Henry Memorial Prize dinner[96] was the only event they hosted until after Walter Russell took over the Society.

O. Henry Memorial Prize

During this time period, the Society began to hold contests for things such as short stories and playwriting.[97] Of these, the O. Henry Memorial Prize for best short story became their signature contest, and John F. Tucker established a foundation for it to continue to be held annually.[49] The O. Henry Prize committee, although under the umbrella of the Society of Arts & Science, operated independently from the Society. When the Society dissolved in 1936, the O. Henry Award committee continued to operate and continues to the present day.

Twilight Club Misinformation

The first reported misinformation about the founding of the Twilight Club began with the advertisements for the Society's literary contests. In them, they listed "The Society of Arts and Sciences, founded as the Twilight Club by Herbert Spencer in 1883",[98] while at other times even misreporting the date as 1887.[99] It is unclear if this was just an error or a deliberate attempt to rewrite the origins and basis of the Club.

Society of Arts and Science, New York (1927-1936)

Society of Arts and Science, Walter Russell president (1927-1935)

In 1927, four years after the Society's last non-"O. Henry" gathering, Walter Russell assumed the Presidency of the nearly defunct Society of Arts and Science. Despite no reports of Walter Russell in the Society before becoming president, Walter Russell claims his connection to the Society of Arts in Science goes back to its inception. In a 1956 speech, Russell asserts, "He (Thomas Watson) and I, together with Edwin Markham had a very memorable talk one night and decided to call our new group The Society of Arts and Sciences."[100] During this time Walter Russell affirms that the Society of Arts and Science is one in the same as The Twilight Club from the 1880s.[101][102] In 1930, the "American Art Directory" for which the information is supplied by the listed organizations, publishes an altered history for the Society of Arts and Science, "Founded 1882 under the name of Twilight Club for the encouragement and perpetuation of the beautiful and the useful in the arts."[103]

As a means to "encourage" the arts, Walter Russell began designing and fabricating medals and accolades to present to famous individuals. Walter Russell bestows the first medal awarded by the group to John Philip Sousa.[104] In May, the Society awards a medal to Thomas Edison. The Society notes that this is the first award they have bestowed on a "living scientist".[105] In fact, it is only the second medal they awarded and first medal they awarded to any scientist. In 1929, they bestowed their first double award saying, "For the first time in its half-century of existence the Society of Arts and Science awarded two gold medals last night for distinctive work in science."[106] At a 1934 awards ceremony, the medal is declared "the 15th bestowed by the Society in 50 years."[101] These statements link the Society's history and legitimacy to Wingate's Club, which bears no resemblance to the Society in membership, function, ideals and principles.

By awarding medals to famous individuals, the Society was able to attract other famous or notable people to attend the awards ceremonies.[107] In 1928, as President of the Society of Arts and Science, Walter Russell received letters of regret from Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt, for their inability to attend a dinner in honor of Thomas Edison.[108] Thomas Edison, also, did not attend, but his son accepted the award on his behalf.[108]

Other Medals were awarded to Madison Grant, in recognition of his construction of the Bronx Parkway,[109] Dr, J. McKeen Cattell, Prof. Gilbert N. Lewis, Prof R. A. Milliken,[110][111] Harlow Shapley[112] and Gov. Walter J. Kohler of Wisconsin.[101][102][113][114]

Society of Arts and Science (1935-1936), The Final Years

During a substantial reorganization of the Society, Walter Russell was removed as its President and had no reported participation with the group. Under its new President Carl Byoir,[115][116] the Society appointed a long list of "regents"[116][117] within their organization, each to be the expert of a particular field, similar to the well regarded but unrelated American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Walter Russell is not mentioned or appointed a regency.

The Society of Arts and Science continued to give awards into 1936.[115][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125]

This Society of Arts and Science dissolved only a few years after the re-organization after which the O. Henry Memorial Prize is its remaining legacy.

The University of Science & Philosophy (1946-Present) - Walter & Lao Russell

Summary

Invoking the Society of Arts and Science and their Twilight Club Heritage, Walter and Lao Russell formed The University of Science and Philosophy. Housed at Swannanoa, a mansion in rural Virginia, The University of Science and Philosophy sold home study courses on "The Science of Mankind", now referred to as "The Science of Man/Woman". Today the University of Science and Philosophy continues to offer home study courses and books based on and promoting the legacy of Walter Russell. They cite their lineage as the direct continuation of Charles Wingate's Twilight Club. In 1998, the Twilight Club re-launched as an arm of The University. Central to the claims about the Twilight Club are both the original false claim that the club was founded by Herbert Spencer, and also that such notables as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie were founding members. The latter misinformation, added by Walter Russell in the 1950s, has persistently been promoted and embellished by The University of Science and Philosophy, most recently in 2000 in their book, The Twilight Manifesto.

The University of Science and Philosophy (1949-present)

Formation of The University of Science and Philosophy

By 1949 the Russell headed Swannanoa Foundation, had purchased Swannanoa, and the Russells began promoting it as a world cultural center for "the unification of mankind."[126] It is at this time that they establish The University of Science and Philosophy.[127] He hoped the location would become a center for peace and harmony in the world.[128] Classes were on "the love of God, beauty and the principles of balance in nature."[129] As the head of the Walter Russell Foundation in 1950, he set about building a reputation as a truth seeking "adventurer of faith."[130]

Complete Rewrite of The Twilight Club History

In 1956, Walter Russell gave a speech at Swannanoa[47] to a group of students in which he presented his history of the original Twilight Club's formation. Besides the mention of Herbert Spencer's visit to the United States, the details of Russell's account contradict verifiable historical records.

The story goes all the way back to the 1870s and is one of the most remarkable stories of the greatest moral movement in history. It began when Herbert Spencer, the British philosopher, came to this country and expressed his deep worries about the human race and the dangers threatening its very existence...He really believed that civilization was doomed. He gave a very important address in New York and one in Boston outlining the reasons for his fears and stressing his deep concern for man's ability to survive in a social system which places material values before human values...At that time, however, Herbert Spencer was ridiculed and laughed at...And so Herbert Spencer went to his friends here in America, Ralph Waldo Emerson, James Howard Bridge, Richard Watson Glider, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Walt Whitman, Edwin Markham, Henry Holt, John Burroughs, Mark Twain, and Andrew Carnegie. Together these men formed a little gathering and called themselves the Twilight Club because they met at each other's houses at twilight to discuss the things that weighed heavily upon Herbert Spencer's heart. There Spencer imbued them so strongly with his idea of starting a moral movement to bring the brotherhood-of-man and love-ye-one-another principles into world human relations that it grew into a moral code which they hoped would replace every other creed and doctrine on the face of the earth...And so together they began to form this code, which was more or less completed when I came into the movement in 1895.
—Walter Russell, The Twilight Manifesto

The official history of the University of Science & Philosophy, published by the University on its webpage, perpetuates this account,[131] and the University's 2011 IRS filing states, "The purpose of the corporation is to teach, publish and otherwise promote the scientific and philosophical theories of Walter Russell and other members of the Twilight Club, which included Herbert Spencer, Edwin Markham, and Alexis Carrell."[132]

University of Science & Philosophy's Business Profile

The University of Science & Philosophy is a 501(c)(3) corporation selling "home study courses, seminars & publications relating to promoting the study of universal law, natural science and living philosophy of Walter Russell. Approximately 4000 Students Served."[133] The curriculum is "meant to be studied in the solitude and privacy of one's own home...There are no assignments, papers or examinations. Learning comes through meditative study and internalization of ideas so that these become part of one's own thinking and consequent action."[134] The home study course costs $200, and the other 60 items for purchase on their webstore range in price from $3 to $65.[135]

The Twilight Club, The University of Science & Philosophy (1999-2002)

The Twilight Manifesto[47]

In 1999, the University of Science & Philosophy's new Twilight Club set about "connecting the University once again with its origin and history."[47] In The Twilight Manifesto, the University packaged Walter Russell's history of the Twilight Club together with several essays which seek to reinterpret the values and purpose of the Club. On page 34 is a list of institutions and movements that the University claims the Twilight Club helped engender such as, the "Boy Scouts in England and America, Rotary, Kiwanis, and Lions Clubs, Better Business Bureaus, sweat shop elimination, advertising censorship (honesty), child welfare, and IBM's Think campaign."[136]

At the time that The Twilight Manifesto was published, The University of Science and Philosophy Press also "emendated" The Complete Home Study Course by Lao and Walter Russell. The updated Fourth Edition "contains the additional Unit 12 with a comprehensive review of the previous units, an integral presentation of the Russellian science in light of the latest development in the Neo-Russellian research, and a further instruction on living a Cosmic Conscious life."[137]

The Twilight Club, Present Day

In 2003, the University's Twilight Club became the parent to spinoff business ventures, which adopt the false history as well. The Twilight Club as part of the University of Science and Philosophy remains mainly as an archival webpage that serves to promote the Twilight Club legacy of Walter Russell by distributing the text of the Manifesto and to redirect to the University's webpage.[138] Promoting the Twilight Club is listed as a central mission of the University's tax filings.[132]

Biographic Information

Walter Russell

Walter Russell's Early Career (1898-1928)

Walter Russell, the Painter (1898-1909)

Walter Russell was a painter and illustrator in the late 1800s and early 1900s.[139] He was known for his illustrations during the Spanish American war as well as painting portraits of children, particularly portraits of Theodore Roosevelt's children.[140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149] He also illustrated and published children's books.[150][151][152][153][154][155] In 1904, after a brief stint as a horse trader,[156] Walter Russell turned to real estate.[157][158][159][160][161][162][163] By 1908 he had abandoned Art[164] and filed for bankruptcy.[165][166][167][168][169]

Walter Russell, the Real Estate Developer (1910-1928)

Through the 1910s-1920s, Walter Russell built apartment complexes[168][170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182] and promoted grandiose real estate projects, such as extending Manhattan Island by 6 miles[183][184][185][186] and making an American Versailles on Long Island.[187][188][189] In 1923, Walter Russell promoted himself as "The Father of the Cooperative Housing Movement."[190]

Walter Russell, Ice Skating Enthusiast

In 1917, Walter Russell was a member of a group formed to promote amateur and professional Ice Skating in New York, following the lead of the International Skating Union and other cities, most notably Boston.[191][192]

Walter Russell post-Society of Arts and Sciences (1934-1949)

Walter Russell, PhD

In 1941, Walter Russell claimed to have been conferred a doctorate from the American Academy of Sciences[193] (not to be confused with the American Academy of Arts and Sciences). The American Academy of Sciences is not an academic institution and can't legitimately bestow honorary degrees. However, the University of Science and Philosophy claims this distinction to the present day.[131]

Walter Russell, Sculptor

The University of Science and Philosophy promotes sculpture as one of the great achievements of Walter Russell. He sculpted large busts of Mark Twain and Franklin Roosevelt, as well as a monument to The Four Freedoms located in Madison, Florida.

While he did promote and raise money for large memorials to Mark Twain, John Phillip Sousa, and a 200-foot tall version of The Four Freedoms sculpture in the Philippines, these statues were never executed. Both the completed and proposed projects are promoted on The University of Science and Philosophy's website as proof of Walter Russell's sculptural achievements.[194]

Mark Twain Memorial (1934-1936)

In 1934 Walter Russell proposed a foundation to pay for a monument to be unveiled as part of the Mark Twain centennial. He visited Hannibal, Missouri, Mark Twain's home, to discuss the proposal with the centennial committee and to visit Twain's boyhood sites for inspiration.[195] Russell planned an international fundraising campaign and visited several large cities,[196] attaining the endorsement of Cecil B. DeMille,[197] with the stated goal of raising $1,000,000.[198][199] As part of the fundraising tour, Chicago and St. Louis were mentioned as alternative locations.[195][198]

In 1935, no longer listed as a prominent member of the Society of Arts and Science,[116] Walter Russell became more involved with the centennial program surrounding Twain's birthday,[200][201][202] including making a medal.[203] Walter Russell presented a bust of Mark Twain to the museum upon its dedication April 25, 1935.[196][200][204][205] During the live national broadcast,[205][206] Walter Russell asked listeners to weigh in on where his "monumental shrine" should be erected.[207] The Walter Russell bust is still listed in the museum's collection. The Mark Twain Memorial Foundation presented a Walter Russell Bronze head of Mark Twain to the British government and city of London to be displayed at the coronation of King George VI.[208][209][210]

The culmination of Walter Russell's involvement was to be a 700-foot long sculpture featuring the author surrounded by characters from his books.[196] It was to be unveiled on November 30, 1835[196][211][212] in honor of Mark Twain's 100 Birthday.[213] Many photographs circulate of the "replica of the design model."[207][214][215] The completed sculpture was to be 700 feet long featuring 21 figures,[199][216] including Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn, Betty Thatcher, Aunt Polly, The Prince and the Pauper, The Connecticut Yankee and Joan of Arc.[211] In November 1935, weeks before the unveiling, Walter Russell was still seeking funds and endorsements for the project.[197] It is not on display at the museum and in future years, only a bust is mentioned,[217][218][219][220][221] although Walter Russel did pose with a two figure portion in 1936.[222]

Sousa Memorial (1938-1939)

In 1938, Walter Russell took up the Sousa Memorial project.[223] He toured with a soldier he selected to be the model for the memorial[224][225][226] and even showed a clay model.[227] The effort was to raise $750,000. Like the Mark Twain monument, the project was never executed.

Franklin D. Roosevelt bust and The Four Freedoms (1943-1949)

In 1943, through a Greek-American Order of Ahepa, Walter Russell presented a large bust of FDR to the president.[228] Later, he said that FDR had suggested he make a statue to illustrate the Four Freedoms and his trip to show the model to the president was publicized.[229][230] The statue is of four angels, each representing one of the four freedoms, facing the cardinal directions.[230][231] It was unveiled in Madison, Florida, in 1943 as a memorial to Colin Kelley, the first American hero of World War II.[232][233]

In 1949, Walter Russell began raising money for a 200-foot tall version of the statue that would be placed in the Philippines. In addition to the Four Freedoms, there would also be at least half a dozen bronze busts.[234] This project was also never executed.

Swannanoa, Jesus Christ (1950)

In 1950, Walter Russell erects a 12-foot statue of Christ at Swannanoa.[235] His initial plan, announced two years earlier, was to have a 300-foot statue. Upon erecting the 12-foot version Walter Russell still maintained that he planned to make the 300-foot version.

Walter and Lao Russell (1946-1963)

In 1946 Walter Russell met Lao Stebbing (born Daisy Cook).[236] Two years later, Walter Russell at 77 divorced his wife of 54 years[237][238][239][240][241][242][243] and married the 43 year old Lao. In 1948, using the title President Emeritus of The Society of Arts and Science, he moved into Swannanoa with the intention of converting the mansion into a museum of his own works.[244] Walter and Lao would spend the rest of their lives at Swannanoa promoting their institution and its home study courses.

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 Joel Benton (1910). Memories of the Twilight Club. Broadway publishing Company. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Charles Wingate Obituary". The New York Times. 2 September 1909. p. 9. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Memories of the Twilight Club". The New York Times. 5 December 1909. p. 113. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Tales Told in the Twilight". Boston Evening Transcript. 9 March 1912. p. 35. 
  5. ↑ Cohen, Julius Henry (1946). They Builded Better than They Knew. New York: J.Messner, Inc,. p. 43. ISBN 9780836923506. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Club Men of New York: Their Occupations, and Business and Home Addresses: Sketches of Each of the Organizations: College Alumni Associations. Republic Press. 1893. p. 42. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Discussing The Slums". The New York Times. 2 December 1892. p. 2. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "If They Were Only Kings". The New York Times. 6 January 1888. p. 3. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Is Brennan as Great as This?". The World ((New York, New York)). 5 May 1893. p. 1. 
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  12. ↑ "General News". Chronicle-Express ((Penn Yan New Yorg). 16 November 1882. p. 2. 
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  15. ↑ Duncan, David (1908). Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer, p. 230. Methuan & Company, London.
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  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Membership of the Clubs". The New York Times. 17 January 1887. p. 2. 
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  20. ↑ Currey, Josiah Seymour (1918). Chicago: Its History and Its Builders, p. 182. S.J. Clarke Publishing Company.
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  24. ↑ "Ignorance and Presumption". The New York Times. 7 March 1885. p. 4. 
  25. ↑ "The Twilight Club Dines". The New York Times. 6 June 1890. p. 5. 
  26. ↑ "Twilight Club Symposium". The World ((New York, New York)). 13 January 1893. p. 12. 
  27. ↑ "Twilight Club and the Stage". The New York Times. 7 December 1894. p. 3. 
  28. ↑ "City and Vicinity". The New York Times. 31 December 1894. p. 8. 
  29. ↑ "The Church and The People". The New York Times. 4 January 1895. p. 8. 
  30. ↑ "Twilight Club Discusses Cuba". The New York Times. 10 April 1896. p. 5. 
  31. ↑ "Bargain Counter Ethics". The New York Times. 18 December 1896. p. 2. 
  32. ↑ "Meeting of the Twilight Club". The New York Times. 22 January 1897. p. 7. 
  33. ↑ "Coming Events". The New York Times. 3 February 1897. p. 7. 
  34. ↑ "News Condensed". The New York Times. 5 February 1897. p. 1. 
  35. ↑ "Twilight Club Men For Low". The New York Times. 29 October 1897. p. 5. 
  36. ↑ "Twilight Club's Anniversary". The New York Times. 2 January 1901. p. 8. 
  37. ↑ "Tenement House Laws". The New York Times. 10 May 1901. p. 5. 
  38. ↑ "Twilight Club Hints for Mayor-Elect Low". The New York Times. 15 November 1901. p. 3. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "Bigelow Talks for Japan". The New York Times. 25 March 1904. p. 2. 
  40. ↑ "A Club-House for Clubs". The World ((New York, New York)). 23 November 1893. p. 10. 
  41. ↑ "Twilight Club's New Scheme". The New York Times. 26 November 1893. p. 17. 
  42. ↑ ".". The Day. January 9, 1889. Retrieved October 27, 2011. 
  43. ↑ ".". The Day. Retrieved October 27, 2011. 
  44. ↑ "DILLON OUTPOINTS FLYNN. - Has Better of Hotly Contested Bout at Manhattan A.C.". Select.nytimes.com. March 11, 1916. Retrieved October 27, 2011. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Rinn, Joseph Francis (1950). Sixty Years of Psychical Research: Houdini and I Among the Spiritualists, p. 342. Truth Seeker Company. New York.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Gilman, Charlotte Perkins (1935). The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: An Autobiography, p. 313. The University of Wisconsin Press, Wisconsin. ISBN 0299127443.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 Kimura, Yasuhiko Genku (2000). The Twilight Manifesto. Yasuhiko Genku Kimura & The University of Science & Philosophy. ISBN 1-879605-66-X.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "John F. Tucker Dead". The New York Times. 1 March 1921. p. 13. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Williams, Blanche Colton, Hansen, Harry, Brickell, Herschel, Engle, Paul, Poirier, Richard, Abrahams, William Miller (1922). Prize Stories...The O. Henry Awards, p. vii. Doubleday.
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  51. ↑ "Twilight Club 609th Dinner". The New York Times. 6 December 1910. p. 5. 
  52. ↑ "Society". The New York Times. 5 February 1911. p. 63. 
  53. ↑ "Society". The New York Times. 5 March 1911. p. 73. 
  54. ↑ "They Go to Hear Bryan". The New York Times. 11 March 1911. p. 8. 
  55. ↑ "Society". The New York Times. 2 April 1911. p. 85. 
  56. ↑ "Berates the Rich at Dinner". The New York Times. 4 April 1911. p. 3. 
  57. ↑ "Society". The New York Times. 16 April 1911. p. 71. 
  58. ↑ "Society Here and There". The New York Times. 28 May 1911. p. 71. 
  59. ↑ "Newspaper Specials". The Wall Street Journal (New York, New York). 19 October 1911. p. 2. 
  60. ↑ "Society". The New York Times. 26 November 1911. p. 44. 
  61. ↑ "Society at Home and Abroad". The New York Times. 19 November 1911. p. 60. 
  62. ↑ "Society". The New York Times. 24 December 1911. p. 61. 
  63. ↑ "City Social Notes - Club News". The New York Times. 7 January 1912. p. 12. 
  64. ↑ "Society at Home and Abroad". The New York Times. 21 January 1912. p. 67. 
  65. ↑ "Society Notes - Club News". The New York Times. 4 February 1912. p. 70. 
  66. ↑ "Dike Defends Rosalky". The New York Times. 16 February 1912. p. 3. 
  67. ↑ "Society at Home and Abroad". The New York Times. 10 March 1912. p. 65. 
  68. ↑ "Society". The New York Times. 28 April 1912. p. 75. 
  69. ↑ "Town and Country". The New York Times. 5 May 1912. p. 72. 
  70. ↑ "Diners in Darkness Hear a Thief Speak". The New York Times. 11 May 1912. p. 10. 
  71. ↑ "Twilight Club to Give a Dinner". The New York Times. 29 September 1912. p. 15. 
  72. ↑ "City Social Notes - Club News". The New York Times. 24 November 1912. p. 76. 
  73. ↑ "Society at Home and Abroad". The New York Times. 22 December 1912. p. 70. 
  74. ↑ "Jane Addams Best American". The New York Times. 10 January 1913. p. 2. 
  75. ↑ "Jack Rose Appears as Dinner Speaker". The New York Times. 1 May 1913. p. 8. 
  76. ↑ "Twilight Club Dinner". The New York Times. 9 May 1913. p. 11. 
  77. ↑ "Society Only a Sham". The Washington Post (Washington, District of Columbia). 3 April 1914. p. 5. 
  78. ↑ "Never See the Enemy". The New York Times. 24 November 1914. p. 14. 
  79. ↑ "Twilight Club Dinner". The New York Times. 11 February 1915. p. 6. 
  80. ↑ "Mayor Explains Budget". The New York Times. 3 March 1915. p. 7. 
  81. ↑ "Twilight Club Talks on Drama". The New York Times. 19 April 1915. p. 9. 
  82. ↑ "Dine Sir Herbert Tree". The New York Times. 27 March 1916. p. 11. 
  83. ↑ "Tree and Twilight". The New York Times. 9 April 1916. p. 31. 
  84. ↑ "Twilight Dinner to the Sotherns". The New York Times. 28 April 1916. p. 9. 
  85. ↑ "Theatre Notes". The New York Times. 29 October 1916. p. 32. 
  86. ↑ "Miss Law Guest of Twilight Club". The New York Times. 5 December 1916. p. 11. 
  87. ↑ "Twilight Club to Dine Tardieu". The New York Times. 21 April 1918. p. 26. 
  88. ↑ "Dinner to Charles M. Schwab". The New York Times. 13 November 1918. p. 13. 
  89. ↑ "'Get Down to Tacks' is Colby's Warning". The New York Times. 29 January 1918. p. 11. 
  90. ↑ "Sisson Doubtful on Tariff". The New York Times. 3 March 1921. p. 32. 
  91. ↑ "Society of Arts to Dine Stage Stars". The New York Times. 17 April 1921. p. 36. 
  92. ↑ "Tribute Paid to Frohmans". The New York Times. 25 April 1921. p. 9. 
  93. ↑ "Society of Arts to Dine Belasco". The New York Times. 10 December 1921. p. 11. 
  94. ↑ "A Night With the Humorists". The New York Times. 13 April 1922. p. 24. 
  95. ↑ "Favors Russian Trade". The New York Times. 23 November 1922. p. 3. 
  96. ↑ "Cobb Wins O. Henry Prize". The Cincinnati Enquirer (Cincinnati, Ohio). 1 April 1923. p. 12. 
  97. ↑ "About Plays and Players". The Evening World (New York, New York). 3 January 1920. p. 16. 
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  100. ↑ Jack Edward Shay (13 June 2012). Bygone Binghamton: Remembering People and Places of the Past. AuthorHouse. pp. 218–. ISBN 978-1-4670-6502-3. 
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  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 "America's Greatest Danger". The Oneonta Star (Oneonta, New York). 10 November 1934. p. 4. 
  103. ↑ American Federation of Arts (1930). "American Art Directory, Volume 27, p. 238. R.R. Bowker, Michigan.
  104. ↑ "Sousa Given Medal". Reading Times (Reading Pennsylvania). 16 February 1928. p. 12. 
  105. ↑ "Edison Awarded Medal". The Bee (Danville, Virginia). 4 May 1928. p. 14. 
  106. ↑ The New York Times (New York New York). 23 February 1929. 
  107. ↑ "Will Attend Edison Dinner". Lebanon Daily News (Lebanon, Pennsylvania). 2 May 1928. p. 15. 
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 "Son Accepts Gold Medal for Edison". Reading Times (Reading Pennsylvania). 25 May 1928. p. 1. 
  109. ↑ "Bronx Parkway Wins Art Society Medal For Builder". The Kingston Daily Freeman (Kingston, New York). 28 January 1929. p. 2. 
  110. ↑ "Scientists are Awarded Medals". Times Herald (Olean, New York). 12 March 1930. p. 8. 
  111. ↑ "Scientists are Awarded Medals". Times Herald (Olean, New York). 19 April 1930. p. 4. 
  112. ↑ "Harlow Shapley Given Medal". The Crimson (Cambridge, Massachusetts). 25 March 1931. 
  113. ↑ "Company Houses". The Daily Messenger (Canandaigua, New York). 10 February 1934. p. 6. 
  114. ↑ "Kohler is Awarded Fellowship". Freeport Journal-Standard (Freeport, Illinois). 29 January 1934. p. 2. 
  115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 "Robertson Winds Recognition By National Society". The Daily Herald (Provo, Utah). 20 September 1935. p. 5. 
  116. ↑ 116.0 116.1 116.2 "Burnett Shryock Honored by Society of Arts And Sciences". The Daily Free Press (Carbondale, Illinois). 12 October 1935. p. 1. 
  117. ↑ "Three Warrenites Are Signally Nonored By N.Y. Society". Warren Times Mirror (Warren, Pennsylvania). 17 October 1935. pp. 11, 20. 
  118. ↑ "Distinguished Service". The Kingston Daily Freeman (Kingston, New York). 6 March 1935. p. 8. 
  119. ↑ "3 Provoans Win Membership In Society of Arts, Sciences". The Daily Herald (Provo, Utah). 4 October 1935. p. 1. 
  120. ↑ "Art Society Honors Former Onward Man". Logansport Pharos-Tribune (Logansport, Indiana). 21 October 1935. p. 10. 
  121. ↑ Greeley Daily Tribune (Greeley, Colorado). 3 December 1935. p. 3. 
  122. ↑ "Young Gets Award". The North Adams Transcript (North Adams, Massachusetts). 17 March 1936. p. 1. 
  123. ↑ "Chosen For Medal". Middletown Times Herald (Middletown, New York). 17 March 1936. p. 7. 
  124. ↑ "Tonight's Program". Times Herald (Olean, New York). 20 May 1936. p. 3. 
  125. ↑ "Young Receives Gold Medal". The Express (Lock Haven, Pennsylvania). 26 May 1936. p. 7. 
  126. ↑ "Mansion On Hilltop Dedicated To Unity". Statesville Record & Landmark (Statesville, North Carolina). 2 July 1949. p. 16. 
  127. ↑ "Washington International". 
  128. ↑ "Council Issues New Travel Guide". The Progress-Index (Petersburg, Virginia). 29 April 1953. p. 2. 
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  130. ↑ The Mason City Globe-Gazette (Mason City, Iowa), 5 December 1949, Page 8
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  133. ↑ "NCCS Organization Profile - University of Science and Philosophy". 
  134. ↑ "University of Science and Philosophy - About". 
  135. ↑ "University of Science and Philosophy - Products". 
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  137. ↑ "Store". The University of Science and Philosophy. 
  138. ↑ "The Twilight Club". 
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  140. ↑ The Sun (New York, New York), 5 August 1898, Page 7
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  147. ↑ The New York Times, 15 October 1904, Page 30
  148. ↑ The New York Times, 29 September 1907, Page 44
  149. ↑ San Francisco Chronicle (San Francisco, California) 13 November 1921, Page 7
  150. ↑ The New York Times, 17 December 1902, Page 6
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  152. ↑ The New York Times, 7 November 1903, Page 33
  153. ↑ The New York Times, 23 April 1904, Page 31
  154. ↑ The Post-Standard (Syracuse, New York) 17 December 1904, Page 10
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  156. ↑ The New York Times, 3 December 1904, Page 5
  157. ↑ The New York Times, 28 March 1905, Page 15
  158. ↑ The New York Times, 14 March 1906, Page 14
  159. ↑ The New York Times 15 March 1906, Page 14
  160. ↑ The New York Times, 19 January 1907, Page 14
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  162. ↑ The New York Times, 5 June 1907
  163. ↑ The New York Times, 14 July 1907, Page 29
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  167. ↑ The New York Times 6 March 1909
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  169. ↑ The New York Times 20 April 1909, Page 5
  170. ↑ The New York Times 26 June 1910, page 61
  171. ↑ The New York Times 31 March 1910
  172. ↑ The New York Times 18 February 1911, Page 17
  173. ↑ The New York Times, 28 March 1915, Page 95
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  176. ↑ The New York Times, 9 May 1920, Page 113
  177. ↑ The New York Times 20 March 1921, Page 123
  178. ↑ The New York Times, 30 April 1922, Page 159
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  181. ↑ The New York Times, 18 June 1922, Page 120
  182. ↑ The New York Times, 10 December 1922, Page 153
  183. ↑ The New York Times, 30 October 1921, Page 117
  184. ↑ The New York Times, 14 January 1922, Page 13
  185. ↑ The New York Times, 12 February 1922, Page 119
  186. ↑ Springfield Missouri Republican (Springfield, Missouri) 23 February 1922, Page 6
  187. ↑ The New York Times 17 May 1916, Page 10
  188. ↑ The Scranton Republican (Scranton, Pennsylvania) 19 September 1916, Page 2
  189. ↑ The New York Times, 29 September 1916, Page 7
  190. ↑ The New York Age (New York, New York), 17 November 1923, Page 7
  191. ↑ Times Herald (Olean, New York) 29 January 1917, Page 8
  192. ↑ The New York Times, 22 May 1917, Page 14
  193. ↑ "American Academy of Sciences". 
  194. ↑ "The University of Science and Philosophy, Walter Russell Sculpture Gallery". 
  195. ↑ 195.0 195.1 Jefferson City Post-Tribune (Jefferson City, Missouri), 10 September 1934, Page 1
  196. ↑ 196.0 196.1 196.2 196.3 The Waterloo Press (Waterloo, Indiana), 21 February 1935, Page 2
  197. ↑ 197.0 197.1 The Salt Lake Tribune (Salt Lake City, Utah), 17 November 1935, Page 88
  198. ↑ 198.0 198.1 Freeport Journal-Standard (Freeport, Illinois), 27 September 1934, Page 8
  199. ↑ 199.0 199.1 The Independent Record (Helena, Montana), 7 October 1934, Page 13
  200. ↑ 200.0 200.1 The Mason City Globe-Gazette (Mason City, Iowa, 18 April 1935, Page 5
  201. ↑ Miami Daily News-Record (Miami, Oklahoma), 28 April 1935, Page 13
  202. ↑ The Paris News (Paris, Texas), 28 April 1935, Page 10
  203. ↑ Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (Lubbock, Texas), 17 November 1935, Page 18
  204. ↑ Freeport Journal-Standard (Freeport, Illinois), 24 April 1935
  205. ↑ 205.0 205.1 Freeport Journal-Standard (Freeport, Illinoi), 25 April 1935, Page 13
  206. ↑ The Salt Lake Tribune (Salt Lake City, Utah), 25 April 1935, Page 31
  207. ↑ 207.0 207.1 Moberly Monitor-Index (Moberly, Missouri), 25 April 1935, Page 9
  208. ↑ Moberly Monitor-Index (Moberly, Missouri), 1 December 1936, Page 4
  209. ↑ Corsicana Daily Sun (Corsicana, Texas), 18 December 1936, Page 4
  210. ↑ The Paris News (Paris, Texas), 24 December 1936, Page 2
  211. ↑ 211.0 211.1 The Nashua Reporter (Nashua, Iowa), 20 February 1935, Page 2
  212. ↑ Pampa Daily News (Pampa, Texas), 19 June 1936, Page 10
  213. ↑ Moravia Union (Moravia, Iowa), 21 February 1935, Page 9
  214. ↑ The Eagle (Bryan, Texas), 27 April 1935, Page 1
  215. ↑ Abilene Reporter-News (Abilene, Texas), 28 April 1935, Page 8
  216. ↑ Moberly Monitor-Index (Moberly, Missouri), 7 January 1935, Page 3
  217. ↑ The Kansas City Star (Kansas City, Missouri), 29 November 1937, Page 20
  218. ↑ Jefferson City Post-Tribune (Jefferson City, Missouri), 30 November 1937, Page 5
  219. ↑ The High Point Enterprise (High Point, North Carolina), 6 December 1941, Page 3
  220. ↑ The Kokomo Tribune (Kokomo, Indiana), 9 December 1941, Page 7
  221. ↑ Moberly Monitor-Index (Moberly, Missouri) 29 November 1941, Page 1
  222. ↑ The McIntosh County Democrat (Checotah, Oklahoma), 2 January 1936, Page 6
  223. ↑ Pottstown Mercury )Pottstown, Pennsylvania), 24 November 1938, Page 3
  224. ↑ The Daily Mail (Hagerstown, Maryland), 15 June 1939, Page 6
  225. ↑ The Kingston Daily Freeman (Kingston, New York), 14 October 1939, Page 4
  226. ↑ Journal-Times Sunday Bulletin (Racine, Wisconsin), 15 October 1939, Page 11
  227. ↑ 11 August 1939, Page 17
  228. ↑ News-Journal (Mansfield, Ohio), 24 March 1943, Page 12
  229. ↑ Alton Evening Telegraph (Alton, Illinois), 16 February 1943, Page 9
  230. ↑ 230.0 230.1 The Iola Register (Iola, Kansas), 18 February 1943, Page 6
  231. ↑ The Bakersfield Californian (Bakersfield, California), 20 May 1943, Page 18
  232. ↑ The Gastonia Gazette (Gastonia, North Carolina), 29 May 1957, Page 4
  233. ↑ The Corpus Christi Caller-Times (Corpus Christi, Texas), 27 January 1962, Page 4
  234. ↑ The Fresno Bee The Republican (Fresno, California), 28 January 1949, Page 12
  235. ↑ The Bee (Danville, Virginia), 31 July 1950, Page 13
  236. ↑ Beatrice Daily Sun (Beatrice, Nebraska), 30 July 1948, Page 10
  237. ↑ The Berkshire Eagle (Pittsfield, Massachusetts, 9 July 1948, Page 11
  238. ↑ Iowa City Press-Citizen (Iowa City, Iowa), 9 July 1948, Page 2
  239. ↑ Council Bluffs Nonpareil (Council Bluffs, Iowa), 9 July 1948, Page 2
  240. ↑ The News-Palladium (Benton Harbor, Michigan), 9 July 1948, Page 12
  241. ↑ The Mason City Globe-Gazette (Mason City, Iowa), 10 July 1948, Page 16
  242. ↑ The Sandusky Register (Sandusky, Ohio), 10 July 1948, Page 2
  243. ↑ The Paris News (Paris, Texas), 11 July 1948, Page 23
  244. ↑ The New York Times. 30 October 1948. p. 10. 
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