Trimeresurus trigonocephalus
| Trimeresurus trigonocephalus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| A Sri Lankan pit viper, photographed at the Oklahoma City Zoo | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Subphylum: | Vertebrata |
| Infraphylum: | Gnathostomata |
| Superclass: | Tetrapoda |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Subclass: | Lepidosauria |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Infraorder: | Alethinophidia |
| Family: | Viperidae |
| Subfamily: | Crotalinae |
| Genus: | Trimeresurus |
| Species: | T. trigonocephalus |
| Binomial name | |
| Trimeresurus trigonocephalus (Donndorff, 1798) | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Trimeresurus trigonocephalus, commonly known as the Sri Lankan green pit viper, is a moderately venomous pit viper species endemic to Sri Lanka. No subspecies are currently recognized.[3]
Description
T. trigonocephalus is a sexually dimorphic, mid-sized, cylindrical species. These snakes measure 20–25 cm (7.9–9.8 in) at birth, and males grow to a maximum total length of 60–75 cm (24–30 in). The neck is distinct from the flattened, triangular head. There is a loreal pit on each side of the head. Mid-sized eyes and a short, rounded, broad snout are present. The males are considerably smaller than females, which can grow up to 130 cm (51 in) in total length. The ground color of the snake is variable and cryptic. Typically, it is a green snake with a black variegated pattern, and a black temporal line is usually present. The wet zone snakes have these black patterns more clearly marked. The vertebral area has a tinge of yellow. The tail is black. The ventral scales are light greenish-yellow or may even be grey. Some snakes have only the black temporal line and the black tail, with the rest of the body being green. In addition, males tend to have a blue coloration, whereas the females are predominantly green. These are bulky snakes with prehensile, short tails, suiting their arboreal lifestyle.[4][5]
Reproduction
These are viviparous snakes. About five to 25 young are produced at once.[4][5]
Scales
See also: Nomenclature of scales (in Snake scales)
These snakes have two or three large supraocular scales, and their nasal scales are partially divided into two or may not be divided. They have three preoculars, two or three postoculars, 9-10 supralabial scales, three or four infralabials, and 142-160 ventrals; The anal scale is not divided; their 53-69 subcaudals are divided. At midbody, the 17-19 rows of dorsal scales may or may not have keels. Most head shields are small and smooth.[6]
Common names
Common names include: Sri Lankan green pit viper,[7] Sri Lankan pit viper,[8] pala polonga (පළා පොළඟා), and green pit viper.[9][10]
Geographic range
It is an endemic species to Sri Lanka and widely distributed in all three climatic zones of the island, except higher hills and arid zones, while relatively more common in wet zone grasslands and rain forest areas and occasionally in plantations of cardamom, cocoa, coffee, and tea, from the lower altitudes from 153 to 1,800 m (502 to 5,906 ft).[11] The type locality given is "l'île S.-Eustache" (Sri Lanka).[1][12][13]
Behavior
It is arboreal and nocturnal, occasionally descending to the ground in search of food such as lizards, frogs, small mammals, and birds. This sluggish pit viper is usually encountered on low shrubs during morning hours, but it mostly occupies in grasslands and rain forests. In mornings, it is seen to stay on top of trees to obtain sun rays to heat its body. It uses its tail to hold on to a tree branch. This is not a particularly defensive species, but if agitated, it will vibrate its tail tip, form a sinuous loop with the fore body, and lash and attempt to bite, seldom with a hissing sound. It produces live young mostly during June and July.[14][15]
Venom
The venom is primarily haemotoxic, with victims experiencing severe pain and swelling of the bitten area, oedema and blisters, and localised tissue necrosis; the pain of the wound may last for a few days. Ptosis and lymphadenopathy takes place. Also in some victims, polyuric renal failure and cardiac elecrophysiological dysfunction occur, but fatalities have not been reported.[4]
See also
- List of crotaline species and subspecies
- Trimeresurus by common name
- Trimeresurus by taxonomic synonyms
- Crotalinae by common name
- Crotalinae by taxonomic synonyms
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
- ↑ The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
- ↑ "Trimeresurus trigonocephalus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 27 December, 2007.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Malhotra, Anita & Thorpe, Roger S. (2004). A phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for Asian pitvipers. (Trimeresurus and Ovophis). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32. pp. 83–100.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Guo, P.; Jadin, R.C. & Malhotra, Anita (2009). An investigation of the cranial evolution of Asian pitvipers (Serpentes: Crotalinae), with comments on the phylogenetic position of Peltopelor macrolepis. Acta Zoologica 91. pp. 402–407.
- ↑ Sonnini de Manoncourt, C.S. & Latreille, P.A. (1801). Histoire Naturelle des Reptiles, avec Figures Dessinees d'Apres Nature (in French). Paris, Librairie encyclopédique de Roret. p. 332.
- ↑ Gumprecht A, Tillack F, Orlov NL, Captain A, Ryabov S. 2004. Asian Pitvipers. Geitje Books. Berlin. 1st Edition. 368 pp. ISBN 3-937975-00-4.
- ↑ Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
- ↑ Brown, JH. (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois. Charles C. Thomas. p. 184. ISBN 0-398-02808-7. LCCN 73-229.
- ↑ Boulenger, G.A. (1896). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the...Viperidæ. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, Printers.) London. pp. 559–560.
- ↑ de Silva, 1980
- ↑ De Silva, A. (1998). Snakes of Sri Lanka: a checklist and an annotated bibliography. Dept. Wildlife Conservation/GEF/UNDP/FAO, Colombo.
- ↑ Suranjan Karunarathna, D. M. S. & Thasun Amarasinghe, A. A. (2011). A Preliminary Survey Of The Reptile Fauna In Nilgala Forest And Its Vicinity, Monaragala District, Sri Lanka. Taprobanica 03 (02). pp. 69–76.
- ↑ Das, I. & De Silva, A. (2005). Photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of Sri Lanka. New Holland Publishers. p. 144.
- ↑ Smith, M.A. (1943). The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia, Vol. III—Serpentes. Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, Printers.) London. pp. 506–507.
Further reading
- Donndorff, Johann August. 1798. Amphibiologische und Ichthyologische Beyträge zur XIII. Ausgabe des Linneischen Natursystems. Dritter Band. Amphibien und Fische. Weidmannschen Buchhandlung. Leipzig. vi + 980 pp. (Coluber trigonocephalus, p. 203.)
- Sonnini, C.N., and Latreille, P.A. 1801. Histoire Naturelle des Reptiles, avec figures dessinées d'après nature; Tome III. Seconde Partie. Serpens. Crapelet. Paris. 335 pp. (Vipera trigonocephala, pp. 332-333.)
External links
- Trimeresurus trigonocephalus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 27 December 2007.
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