Trilled affricate
Trilled affricates, also known as post-trilled consonants, are consonants which begin as a stop and have a trill release. These consonants are reported to exist in some Northern Paman languages in Australia,[1] as well as in Austronesian languages such as Fijian and Malagasy.
| Sound | IPA | Languages |
|---|---|---|
| Voiced prenasalized trilled bilabial affricate | [mbʙ] | Kele and Avava |
| Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental consonant | [t̪ʙ̥] | Wari’ |
| Voiced prenasalized trilled postalveolar affricate | [ndr] | Fijian and Avava |
| Voiceless alveolar trilled affricate | [tʳ] | Ngkoth |
| Voiced alveolar trilled affricate | [dʳ] | Nias |
In Fijian, trilling is rare in these sounds, and they are frequently distinguished by being postalveolar.[2] In Malagasy, they may have a rhotic release, [ʈɽ̝̊ ɳʈɽ̝̊ ɖɽ̝ ɳɖɽ̝], be simple stops, [ʈ ɳʈ ɖ ɳɖ], or standard affricates, [ʈʂ ɳʈʂ ɖʐ ɳɖʐ].
Most post-trilled consonants are affricates: the stop and trill share the same place of articulation. However, there is a rare exception in a few neighboring Amazonian languages, where a voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop, [t̪͡ʙ̥] (occasionally written "tᵖ") is reported from Pirahã and from a few words in the Chapacuran languages Wari’ and Oro Win. This sound also appears as an allophone of the labialized voiceless alveolar stop /tʷ/ of Abkhaz and Ubykh, but in those languages it is more often realised by a doubly articulated stop [t͡p]. In the Chapacuran languages, [tʙ̥] is reported almost exclusively before rounded vowels such as [o] and [y].
References
- ↑ Hale, Kenneth (1976). "Phonological Developments in Particular Northern Paman Languages." In: Languages of Cape York, ed. Peter Sutton. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
- ↑ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8. p. 131