Trams in Australia

In Australia, tram networks were developed to provide public transport in many of the country's cities and towns in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. As the twentieth century wore on, trams fell out of favour and most networks closed or were severely cut back. A revival in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries has seen trams return to some of the larger cities and existing networks extended.

The only city where the tram network forms an extensive part of the public transport system is Melbourne. Single lines operate in Adelaide and Sydney. A line is under construction on the Gold Coast. Plans have been announced to construct a line in Perth and a second line in Sydney. Several tourist lines also exist.

History

In the 19th century numerous horse drawn systems were established, with Adelaide and Brisbane establishing reasonably large systems (for their day) and retaining their horse-drawn trams when other systems had adopted steam or cable traction. Victor Harbor and Gawler in South Australia are examples of small, single-line horse-drawn systems which survived until 1953 and 1931 respectively; the Victor Harbor line reopened in 1985.

Following a short lived experiment with a privately run horse tram line in Pitt Street in the 1860s, Sydney adopted steam trams, which were operated by the state government. By comparison, Melbourne adopted cable trams, which were owned by the local government, but operated initially by a private company. The Melbourne cable tramway system became the largest in the world in the late 19th century, with some cable lines retained until 1940. Sydney operated only two cable tram lines (in North Sydney and along South Head Road) and eschewed the high capital outlay required for cable traction, preferring instead to retain their steam trams, until most of the system was converted to electric operation between 1898 and 1910.

Smaller provincial towns in New South Wales, such as Maitland, Broken Hill and Newcastle had steam tram systems operated by the New South Wales Government. Rockhampton, Queensland, also had a steam tram system, which was operated by the City of Rockhampton. With the exception of Newcastle, these systems had closed by the 1930s.

Gold mining towns, with their rapid growth and wealth soon adopted trams, with Bendigo and Ballarat in Victoria and Kalgoorlie and Leonora in Western Australia all adopting electric tram systems. Bendigo held trials of a battery-operated tram, but this was unsuccessful. The Victorian systems survived until 1972 following their takeover by the state government, whereas the West Australian examples ceased operations in the 1950s as a result of the economic decline of those towns at the time.

Electrification was quickly adopted in Australian systems, with Hobart and Brisbane the first systems to be electrified in 1893 and 1897 respectively. Hobart thus was the first city in the Southern Hemisphere to operate a successful electric tramway system. It was also the only Australian city to use the European-style 'bow collector', instead of Frank Sprague's trolley pole system. Hobart was also the first city outside Europe to employ electric double-decker trams. The Hobart system retained a distinctly "English" appearance throughout its existence.

Perth had an electric tram system in operation between 1898 and 1958.

Adelaide was the last major city to convert its trams to electric operation, in 1908, with the system closing (except for the Glenelg line) in 1958.

A distinctive feature of many Australasian trams was the drop-centre, a lowered central section between bogies (wheel-sets), to make passenger access easier by reducing the number of steps required to get inside of the vehicle. The trams made by Boon & Co in 1906-07 for the Christchurch system may have been the first with this feature; they were referred to as drop-centres or Boon cars. Trams for Christchurch and Wellington built in the 1920s with an enclosed section at each end and an open-sided middle section were also known as Boon cars, but did not have the drop-centre. Similar trams were known in America as the Hedley-Doyle stepless car, named for two employees of the New York Railways Company, e.g. the "Big Lizzie" of Brisbane supplied by J. G. Brill in 1913.

Timeline

Legend

• Yellow = historical passenger network
• Green = existing continuously operated tram network (more than one line)
• Blue = operating a reduced size single line or tourist railway
• Red = replica tourist tram only
• Orange = operating a contemporary light rail public transit network
• Purple = historical mixed use (freight/passenger)

New South Wales

Maitland

A steam tram line connected East and West Maitland between 1909 and 1926. The line ran from Victoria Street Station in East Maitland through East Maitland. It passed along High Street West Maitland crossing the 'Long Bridge' and terminated in the suburb of Campbells Hill. There was single track branch from High Street, West Maitland running along Church Street to West Maitland railway station. This branch line closed in 1915.

There were proposals to extend the line westwards from Campbells Hill to Rutherford but these never eventuated. There were proposals to elctrify the service in 1921 but instead it was decided to withdraw the service. The tramway closed on 31 December 1926.

Newcastle

A steam tram system operated in Newcastle, New South Wales from 1887, with a branch to West Wallsend. It was electrified in 1923-26. The last line closed in 1950.

Broken Hill

A steam tramway service operated in Broken Hill from 1902 until its closure in December 1926.

Sydney

Sydney, the largest city in Australia and New South Wales capital, once had the largest tram system in Australia, the second largest in the British Empire, after London, and one of the largest in the world. It was also extremely intensively worked, with about 1,600 cars in service at any one time at its peak during the 1930s (cf. about 500 much larger trams in Melbourne today). Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, there was an average of more than one tram journey per day made by every man and woman, infant and child in the city. Patronage peaked in 1945 at the extraordinary level of 405 million passenger journeys. The system was in place from 1861, until its winding down in the 1950s and eventual closure in 1961. It had a maximum street mileage of 181 miles (291 km) in 1923.

In 1997, more than 30 years after trams disappeared from Sydney streets, trams were reintroduced in the form of light rail. A single line was opened between Central Station and Pyrmont, mostly utilising a former goods railway, which was extended along the remaining section of disused railway to Lilyfield in the Inner Western Suburbs in 2000. A further south-western extension to Dulwich Hill was announced following a further cut back to the city's freight rail network and is scheduled to open in 2014. A second line through the CBD and into the Eastern Suburbs has also been announced.

Queensland

Brisbane

The Brisbane Tram System was operational from 1885 to 1969.

Brisbane's tram system ran on standard gauge track. The electric system was originally energised to 500 volts, this was subsequently increased to 600 volts.

Most trams operated with a two person crew - a driver (or motorman) and a conductor, who moved about the tram collecting fares and issuing tickets. The exceptions to this arrangement were on the Gardens line (Lower Edward Street) where the short duration of the trip meant it was more effective for passengers to simply drop their fare into a fare box as the entered the tram; and the "one man cars" which operated in the early 1930s (see below).

The system route kilometrage reached its maximum extent of 109 kilometres in 1952. The total track kilometrage was 199 kilometres, owing to many routes ending in single, rather than double, track. Single track segments of the track were protected by signalling which operated off the trolley wire. By 1959 more than 140 kilometres of track were laid in concrete, a method of track construction pioneered in Brisbane.

The last track opened was in O'Keefe Street Woolloongabba, in May 1961. However, this track was not used in normal passenger service and was merely used to reduce dead running from Logan Road back to Ipswich Road Depot.

The peak year for patronage was in 1944-45 when almost 160 million passengers were carried.

Rockhampton

Rockhampton operated steam trams from 1909 to 1939. There is a Steam Tram Museum at Archer Park Station, with a toastrack style French Purrey steam tram operating in weekends.

Gold Coast

The Gold Coast is currently building a tram line between Griffith University (Gold Coast campus) and Broadbeach via Southport and Surfers Paradise. The line is expected to open in 2014.

South Australia

Adelaide

Adelaide has a single tram line connecting the inner suburb of Hindmarsh, through the central business district of Adelaide and on to the seaside suburb of Glenelg, and currently uses two classes of electric trams built in 2006. In 2007 the line was extended through the CBD and in 2010 was extended again to Hindmarsh. There are plans to further extend the system from Hindmarsh to Port Adelaide and Semaphore and Westlakes as part of an urban renewal of the inner western suburbs.^[1]

Adelaide operated with a horse tram network from 1878 to 1909, an electric tram network till 1958 and has primarily relied on buses for public transport since. Electric trams and trolleybuses were the main public transport from the opening of the electric tram network to its closing^[2] and are enjoying a resurgence with the expansion of the remaining line and the first new tram purchases for over 50 years.

St Kilda

The St Kilda tram museum operates an extensive fleet of historic South Australian and interstate tram cars and trolley buses. Work began in 1958 with the arrival of donated vehicles, the first of which was an old trolley bus from the Municipal Tramways Trust, and the museum was opened in 1967 as a static display.^[3] The museum houses over 30 electric trams, horse trams and electric trolley buses many of which are restored and operational. Visitors can ride the electric trams along 2 km of purpose built track that runs between the museum and an adventure playground.^[4]

Victor Harbor

The Victor Harbor Horse Drawn Tram line from Victor Harbor to Granite Island in South Australia which had closed in 1931 re-opened in 1985 using replicas of the original cars as a tourist attraction.

Tasmania

Hobart

Hobart had a municipal tram system from 1893 to 1960 with a network of 8 routes throughout the city, the tram network was scaled down and by 1960 was virtually defunct and replaced by a short lived trolleybus system until 1968. Hobart has investigated restoring the tram network, as it is part of its heritage, being one of the first Australian cities to implement a tram system but no such development has occurred. Recent investigation and transport studies have led to plans to instigate a Light Rail system along the existing South Line..

Launceston

Launceston had a municipal tram system from 1911 to 1952 with 29 trams.

The Launceston Tramway Museum Society runs a tramway museum in the Inveresk Precinct. The long term plan is to have a line from the city centre to the museum and if successful to expand further along the original network.

Victoria

Victoria is home to the most extensive tram networks in Australia and currently the only state in Australia to be running electric trams in multiple cities.

Ballarat

Ballarat once operated an extensive tramway network which began in 1887, however it was closed in 1972 and replaced by buses. The Ballarat Tramway Museum operates a small section of the original track as a tourist and museum tramway. There have been several proposals put to the City of Ballarat to return trams to the inner suburbs and extend the line to Ballarat railway station however these plans have been put on hold indefinitely.

Bendigo

Bendigo in regional Victoria has retained sections of its once extensive network. The famous heritage "talking tram" and "cafe tram" run as tourist attractions in conjunction with a tramway museum.

A public transport trial of trams began in 2009 and in 2010 full funding was committed to restore the Bendigo network for public transport with the development of a raised platform tram stop and yearly ticket costing just A$30 with future extensions to the network in the planning stages.^[5]

Geelong

Geelong maintained an electric tram service from 1912 until 1956.

The large network included 4 main routes:

• North Geelong - Belmont
• Newtown - Eastern Park
• West Geelong - East Geelong
• Chilwell - Eastern Beach

Melbourne

Melbourne, the most populous city in and capital of Victoria, is home to the largest tram network in the world,^[6] and its trams have become part of the city's culture and identity due to their long history. Currently around 500 trams are in service in the city.

In addition to newer types of trams in use such as the Citadis, the Combino and the middle-aged A, B and Z class trams, older W-class trams (of the dropcentre design referred to above) remain in service across the Melbourne tram system as a major form of public transport as well as a popular tourist attraction. W-class trams are used on the free City Circle tram route in addition to several other routes and also operate as the world's first restaurant tram. A total of 53 W-class trams remain in regular service, with the oldest in-service tram dating from 1939.

Portland

A replica tourist route in Portland was created using old vintage Melbourne cable trams. The single line route runs along the beach and harbourfront to the historic lighthouse on the hill. The popular tourist route ran into financial trouble in 2005.

Sorrento

A steam tram once operated between the pier on the Front Beach and the Back Beach.

Western Australia

Tram lines and companies operated in several towns of Western Australia. These were sometimes public services, while others were primarily for industries like mining or timber. Trams operated in the cities and towns of Perth, Fremantle, Kalgoorlie and Leonora. The early northern port of Cossack was linked by tram with the town of Roebourne during the gold boom of the 1890s. The biggest of these networks was centred upon the growing state capital, Perth.

Perth

Trams ran in Perth from the late nineteenth century. There is believed to have been at least one horse car line, but it probably did not carry passengers. The first electric trams ran in 1899 between East Perth and West Perth along Hay Street. The electric tram network expanded as far west as Claremont, as far north as Osborne Park, and across the Swan River causeway to Victoria Park, Como and Welshpool. The government took over the running of trams in 1914. The last tram was built in 1934; No 130. The trams ceased running on 19 July 1958.

Since the start of 2007, there have been four proposals for the reintroduction of trams to the Perth metropolitan area, in the form of light rail, with a line running from Mirrabooka to the Perth central business district (provisionally known as the Metro Area Express) officially announced in September 2012, and scheduled to be completed by the end of 2018.^[7]

At Whiteman Park 22 km north of Perth, there is an operating heritage tram system run by the Perth Electric Tramway Society, with 4 km of track. The trams operating on this system includes former Perth tram #66, commissioned on 9 October 2011. Currently, proposals for the restoration of subsequent Perth trams are being prepared for submission to the membership of the Society.

Fremantle

Between 1905 and 1952, Fremantle had a small but comprehensive tramway network of its own. The Fremantle network was owned and operated by a consortium of local municipalities, and was never linked into the Perth network. Throughout its existence, the Fremantle network covered both the Fremantle municipality and the adjacent municipality of East Fremantle. Its tram lines also extended for part of that period into North Fremantle and Melville.^[8]

The Perth Electric Tramway Society Inc, commissioned former Fremantle tram #29 in 1992 at Whiteman Park, and it has provided continuous service on (usually) the 4th Sunday of each month.

Tramway Museums

Tram museums operate in many cities following the closure of their networks. Major museums include the Brisbane Tramway Museum, the Sydney Tramway Museum, Whiteman Park, Perth, the Melbourne Tramway Museum, Victoria run by the TMSV, and the Ballarat Tramway Museum. There are also museums at St Kilda and Victor Harbor, South Australia and Launceston, Tasmania.

Proposals

There are currently a number of proposals for new light rail systems in cities that either had not previously had trams or had past tram systems that no longer operate.

Canberra, Queanbeyan and Palerang Council

Light rail was one of proposed infrastructure developments submitted by the ACT to Infrastructure Australia, but it wasn't successful.

Brisbane

In recent times Brisbane has had several proposals for light rail in the CBDs but each time they have been postponed. Most of the effort in Brisbane is currently on busways which have been designed to accommodate future light rail routes.

Hobart

There is currently a detailed analysis and study into proposals of the introduction of a light rail service in Hobart's Northern Suburbs along with political backing from all 3 major parties.^[9][10]

Australian tramcar manufacturers

ABB/Adtranz, Dandenong

Manufactured trams for:

• Sydney - 2101 class (Variotrams)

ABB signed the contract, but the merger with Daimler Benz to form Adtranz happened during delivery.

Austral Otis

Manufactured trams for:

• Melbourne - Rail grinder.^[11]

Ansair

Manufactured trams for: Melbourne - W7 (some)

Benjamin Carne

• Sydney - C1 (steam trailer), B (formerly C2) (steam trailer), Cable grip car (North Sydney), Cable trailer car (North Sydney)

Bolton

Manufactured trams for:

• Fremantle - Nos 20-25, 30-32^[12]
• Perth

Bombardier

• Manufacturing E Class trams for Melbourne at Dandenong factory

Clyde Engineering, Sydney (now part of Downer EDI Rail)

Manufactured trams for:

• Sydney
• Melbourne VR trailers (from Sydney)

Comeng/ABB, Melbourne

Manufactured trams for:

• Melbourne - A1, A2, B1, B2, Z1, Z2, Z3

Duncan and Fraser

Manufactured trams for:

• Melbourne A (for PMTT), C (for PMTT), D (for PMTT - built as E class), E (for PMTT), F (for PMTT), G (for PMTT), H (for PMTT), L, M (for HTT/FTT), N (for HTT), O (for PMTT), P (for HTT), S (some) (for MBCTT), T (for MBCTT), U (for NMETL - built by Brill), V (for NMETL - built by Brill), Trailers (for NMETL)

Fremantle Municipal Tramways

Manufactured trams for:

• Fremantle - Nos 4, 11, 23 (rebuilds); 33-36^[12]

Henry Vale

Manufactured trams for:

• Sydney - A (steam motor), B (formerly C2) (steam trailer)

Holdens

Manufactured trams for: Melbourne - W (some)

Hudson Brothers, Sydney

^[13]

Manufactured trams for:

• Sydney - Horse Cars (Railway to Hunter St line emergency working), A1 (steam trailer), A2 (steam trailer), A3 (steam trailer), A4 (steam trailer), B1 (steam trailer), C1 (steam trailer), B (formerly C2) (steam trailer), Cable grip car (North Sydney), Cable grip car (King Street), Cable trailer car (North Sydney), Cable trailer car (King Street), Combination car (experimental California car)

James Morrison

• Sydney - B (formerly C2) (steam trailer), Cable trailer car (North Sydney)

Mort's Dock Engineering Co

• Newcastle - Gas pot car (tank)

NSW Railway Workshops, Redfern

Manufactured trams for: Sydney - Horse Cars (1861-1866 Pitt St Line)

Meadowbank Manufacturing Company, Sydney

Manufactured trams for: Sydney, Melbourne J (for PMTT)

Melbourne, Brunswick & Coburg Tramways Trust

Manufactured trams for: Melbourne - Scrubber

Melbourne and Metropolitan Tramways Board, Melbourne

Manufactured trams for:

• Melbourne - CW5, PCC (980, 1041), Q, R (some), S (some), SW2, SW5 (some [C]), SW6, W (some), W1, W2 (some - some [C]), W3, W4, W5, W6, W7 (some), X1, X2, Y, Y1, Dog Car [C], Blow-down car [C], Scrubber [C], Per-way locomotive and sleeper carrier [C], Sleeper transport car [C], Track cleaner (some [C]), Line-marking car [C], Welding car loco [C], Flat car trailer [C], Per way locomotive [C], Ballast motor [C], Ballast trailer [C], Scraper [C], Rail hardener [C], Drivers instruction car [C], Re-railing instruction car [C], Workshops locomotive, Breakdown car [C], Freight car [C], Wheel transport car [C], Laboratory testing car [C], Pantograph testing car [C], Advertising car [C], Restaurant car [C], City Circle car [C]

Moore

Manufactured trams for: Melbourne - B (for PMTT), K (for PMTT), R (assembled some), W (some), W2 (some)

Prahran & Malvern Tramways Trust

Manufactured trams for: Melbourne - Track cleaner

Pengelly & Co, Edwardstown, SA

Manufactured trams for:

• Melbourne - VR
• Adelaide Type H

Randwick Tramway Workshops, Sydney

Manufactured trams for:

• Sydney - Horse Cars (for Newtown - St Peters line and (later) Manly), B (formerly C2) (steam trailer), Cable trailer car (King Street), 1894 Accumulator car
• Melbourne - Scrubber [C] (for Sydney)

Robert Ritchie/Ritchie Bros, Sydney

^[14]

Manufactured trams for:

• Sydney - A6 (steam trailer), B (formerly C2) (steam trailer), Cable grip car (King Street)
• Melbourne - VR (from Sydney)

S & E Co

Manufactured trams for:

• Sydney - Rail grinder
• Melbourne (Rail grinder) (for Sydney)

Stansfield & Carey

• Sydney - C1 (steam trailer), Cable grip car (North Sydney)

Thomas Wearne

^[15]

Manufactured trams for:

• Sydney - A (steam motor) (Baldwin type), A2 (steam trailer), A5 (steam trailer), A6 (steam trailer), B (steam trailer), C (steam trailer), D1 (self-contained steam car), Cable trailer car (North Sydney)

Victorian Railways

Manufactured trams for: Melbourne - VR second fleet

Waddingtons/Commonwealth Engineering, Sydney

Manufactured trams for: Sydney

Western Australian Government Railways

Manufactured trams for:

• Fremantle - Nos 26-29^[12]
• Perth - B

Westralia Ironworks

Manufactured trams for:

• Fremantle - Nos 15-16^[12]
• Perth

Overseas manufacturers of Australian trams

Alstom

Manufactured trams for:

• Melbourne - C (2nd) (Citadis 202)
• Melbourne - C2 (Citadis 302) Short term lease from Mulhouse, France.
• Adelaide - Type J (Citadis 302) 2nd hand from Madrid, Spain.

ASEA

Manufactured trams for: Melbourne - Z1 (trucks), Z2 (trucks)

Baldwin (USA)

Manufactured trams for:

• Sydney - A (steam motor) (Baldwin type)
• Sydney - D1 (self-contained steam car) (steam unit)

Beyer, Peacock

Manufactured trams for:

• Sydney - Experimental (steam motor) (Wilkinson type) ("John Bull")

Bombardier

Manufactured trams for:

• Adelaide Type I (Flexity Classic)

Brown, Marshalls (Birmingham, England)

• Sydney - 1888 Accumulator car (?)

J G Brill (USA)

Manufactured trams for:

• Fremantle - Nos 1-14, 17-19^[12]

• Melbourne - A (for PMTT) (trucks), B (for PMTT) (trucks), C (for PMTT) (trucks), D (for PMTT) (trucks), E (for PMTT) (trucks), F (for PMTT) (trucks), G (for PMTT) (trucks), H (for PMTT) (trucks), J (for PMTT) (trucks), K (for PMTT) (trucks), L (for PMTT) (trucks), M (for HTT) (trucks), N (for HTT) (trucks), O (for PMTT) (trucks), P (for HTT) (trucks), Q (trucks), R (trucks), S (trucks) (some for MBCTT), T (for MBCTT) (trucks),U (for NMETL) (assembled by Duncan & Fraser), V (for NMETL) (assembled by Duncan & Fraser), X, Trailer (trucks), various works cars (trucks), VR

• Sydney - D1 (self-contained steam car) (cars)

Brush

• Manufactured trams for: Melbourne - VR original fleet

Duewag

• A1 (trucks), A2 (trucks), B1 (trucks), B2 (trucks), Z3 (trucks)

G Starbuck, Birkenhead, England

Manufactured trams for:

• Sydney - Horse Cars (1861-1866 Pitt St Line)

Gilbert & Bush Co for J G Brill

• Sydney - A (steam trailer)

J M Jones Manufacturing Co (New York)

• Sydney - Cable trailer car (North Sydney)

Kitson

Manufactured trams for:

• Sydney - A (steam motor) (Kitson type)
• Sydney - D (self-contained steam car)

Merryweather

• Sydney - A (steam motor) (Merryweather type)

St Louis Car Co (USA)

Manufactured trams for:

• Sydney - 1894 accumulator car (trucks) (?)
• Melbourne - X, PCC (trucks)

Siemens

Manufactured trams for:

• Melbourne - D (2nd) (Combino)

Unknown manufacturers

• Sydney D2 (self-contained steam car) ("Ambrose cars")

Notes

Abbreviations: [C] = converted from other classes

NB All cars built for Melbourne were built for the MMTB or its successor authorities/companies unless stated otherwise

See also

• List of town tramway systems in Oceania
• Trams in New Zealand
• Transportation in Australia

References

• Cross N, Budd, D, Wilson, R (1993). Destination City.
• Chinn N, McCarthy, K (1976). New South Wales Tramcar Handbook 1861 - 1961 Part Two.

External links

• Ballarat Tramway Museum, Victoria
• Whiteman Park, Perth; Perth Electric Tram Society has 4 km of track
• St Kilda Tram Museum, 26 km north of Adelaide
• Tramway Museum Society Of Victoria
• Launceston Tramway Museum on Inveresk Railway site
• Archer Park, Rockhampton, Queensland, Steam Tram Museum
• Brisbane Tramway Museum, Ferny Grove, Brisbane, Queensland
• Tasmanian Transport Museum Hobart; Hobart Tram on display
• Valley Heights Steam Tramway, New South Wales
• Council of Tramway Museums of Australia (COTMA) website
• COTMA Link Page of Tramway Museum websites
• Another Link Page of Tramway Museum websites

v t e Trams in Australia Networks Current Adelaide Melbourne Sydney Under Construction Gold Coast (scheduled opening 2014) Proposed Canberra Hobart Newcastle Perth Former Adelaide Ballarat Bendigo Brisbane Fremantle Geelong Hobart Newcastle Perth Sydney Heritage and tourist Ballarat Tramway Museum Bendigo Brisbane Tramway Museum Hawthorn tram depot Ida Bay Railway St. Kilda Tramway Museum (SA) Sydney Tramway Museum Tasmanian Transport Museum Tramway Museum Society of Victoria Victor Harbor Horse Drawn Tram Whiteman Park