Trabectedin

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Trabectedin
Systematic (IUPAC) name
(1'R,6R,6aR,7R,13S,14S,16R)-6',8,14-trihydroxy-7',9-dimethoxy-4,10,23-trimethyl-19-oxo-3',4',6,7,12,13,14,16-octahydrospiro[6,16-(epithiopropano-oxymethano)-7,13-imino-6aH-1,3-dioxolo[7,8]isoquino[3,2-b][3]benzazocine-20,1'(2'H)-isoquinolin]-5-yl acetate
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com International Drug Names
Licence data EMA:Link
Legal status POM (UK)
Routes Intravenous
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability Not applicable (IV only)
Protein binding 94 to 98%
Metabolism Hepatic (mostly CYP3A4-mediated)
Half-life 180 hours (mean)
Excretion Mostly fecal
Identifiers
CAS number 114899-77-3 N
ATC code L01CX01
PubChem CID 108150
IUPHAR ligand 2774
DrugBank DB05109
ChemSpider 16736970 YesY
UNII ID0YZQ2TCP YesY
KEGG D06199 N
ChEMBL CHEMBL297812 N
Chemical data
Formula C39H43N3O11S 
Mol. mass 761.84 g/mol
 N (what is this?)  (verify)

Trabectedin (also known as ecteinascidin 743 or ET-743) is an anti-tumor drug. It is sold by Zeltia and Johnson and Johnson under the brand name Yondelis. It is approved for use in Europe, Russia and South Korea for the treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcoma. It is also undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of breast, prostate, and paediatric sarcomas. The European Commission and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have granted orphan drug status to trabectedin for soft tissue sarcomas and ovarian cancer.

Discovery and development

During the 1950s and 1960s, the National Cancer Institute carried out a wide ranging program of screening plant and marine organism material. As part of that program extract from the sea squirt Ecteinascidia turbinata was found to have anticancer activity in 1969.[1] Separation and characterisation of the active molecules had to wait many years for the development of sufficiently sensitive techniques, and the structure of one of them, Ecteinascidin 743, was determined by KL Rinehart at the University of Illinois in 1984.[2] Rinehart had collected his sea squirts by scuba diving in the reefs of the West Indies.[3] Recently, the biosynthetic pathway responsible for producing the drug, as well as the bacterial symbiont of the tunicate responsible for production have been reported.[4] The Spanish company PharmaMar licensed the compound from the University of Illinois before 1994[citation needed] and attempted to farm the sea squirt with limited success.[3] Yields from the sea squirt are extremely low - it takes 1 tonne of animals to isolate 1 gram of trabectedin - and about 5 grams were believed to be needed for a clinical trial[5] so Rinehart asked the Harvard chemist E. J. Corey to search for a synthetic method of preparation. His group developed such a method and published it in 1996.[6] This was later followed by a simpler and more tractable method which was patented by Harvard and subsequently licensed to PharmaMar.[3] The current supply is based on a semisynthetic process developed by PharmaMar starting from Safracin B, an antibiotic obtained by fermentation of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens.[7] PharmaMar have entered into an agreement with Johnson and Johnson to market the compound outside Europe.[citation needed]

Trabectedin was first dosed in humans in 1996.[citation needed] In 2007, the EMEA gave authorisation for the marketing of trabectedin, under the trade name Yondelis, for the treatment of patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma, after failure of anthracyclines and ifosfamide, or who are unsuited to receive these agents. The agency's evaluating committee, the CHMP observed that trabectedin had not been evaluated in an adequately designed and analyzed randomized trial against current best care, and that the clinical efficacy data was mainly based on patients with liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma. However the pivotal study did show a significant difference between two different trabectedin treatment regimens, and due to the rarity of the disease the CHMP considered that marketing authorisation could be granted under exceptional circumstances.[8] As part of the approval PharmaMar agreed to conduct a further trial to identify whether any specific chromosomal translocations could be used to predict responsiveness to trabectedin.[9] Trabectedin is also approved in South Korea[10] and Russia.

In 2008 the submission was announced of a registration dossier to the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) and the FDA for Yondelis when administered in combination with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil, Caelyx) for the treatment of women with relapsed ovarian cancer. In 2011, Johnson&Johnson voluntarily withdrew the submission in the United States following a request by the FDA for an additional Phase III study to be done in support of the submission.[11]

Trabectedin is also in phase II trials for prostate, breast and paediatric cancers.[12]

Structure

Trabectedin is composed of 3 tetrahydroisoquinoline moieties, 8 rings including one 10-membered heteocyclic ring containing a cysteine residue, and 7 chiral centers.

Synthesis

The biosynthesis of trabectedin is believed to involve the dimerization of two tyrosine residues to form the pentacyclic core of the molecule. The total synthesis by E.J. Corey used this proposed biosynthesis to guide their synthetic strategy. The synthesis uses such reactions as the Mannich reaction, Pictet-Spengler reaction, the Curtius rearrangement, and chiral rhodium-based diphosphine-catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation. A separate synthetic process also involved the Ugi reaction to assist in the formation of the pentacyclic core. This reaction was unprecedented for using such a one pot multi-component reaction in the synthesis of such a complex molecule.

Mechanism of action

The biological mechanism of action is believed to involve the production of superoxide near the DNA strand, resulting in DNA backbone cleavage and cell apoptosis. The actual mechanism is not yet known, but is believed to proceed from reduction of molecular oxygen into superoxide via an unusual auto-redox reaction on a hydroxyquinone moiety of the compound following. There is also some speculation the compound becomes 'activated' into its reactive oxazolidine form.

References

  1. ↑ Lichter et al. Worthen LW, ed. Food-drugs from the sea. Proc: Aug 20–23, 1972. 173. Marine Tech Soc. pp. 117–127. 
  2. ↑ Rinehart KL (January 2000). "Antitumor compounds from tunicates". Med Res Rev 20 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1128(200001)20:1<1::AID-MED1>3.0.CO;2-A. PMID 10608919. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Potent cancer drugs made -- Sea squirts provide recipe". 
  4. ↑ Rath CM et al (November 2011). "Meta-omic characterization of the marine invertebrate microbial consortium that produces the chemotherapeutic natural product ET-743". ACS Chemical Biology 6 (11): 1244–56. doi:10.1021/cb200244t. PMC 3220770. PMID 21875091. 
  5. ↑ "New Scientist". 
  6. ↑ E. J. Corey, David Y. Gin, and Robert S. Kania (1996). "Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Ecteinascidin 743". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118 (38): 9202–9203. doi:10.1021/ja962480t. 
  7. ↑ C. Cuevas et al. (2000). "Synthesis of ecteinascidin ET-743 and phthalascidin PT-650 from cyanosafracin". B. Org. Lett. 2: 2545–2548. 
  8. ↑ "CHMP evaluation". 
  9. ↑ "PharmaMar website". 
  10. ↑ S.Korea approves Zeltia cancer drug Yondelis, Reuters.com, May 8, 2008
  11. ↑ Grogan, Kevin (3 May 2011). "J&J pulls submission for Zeltia's Yondelis". PharmaTimes Magazine (London, England). Online PharmaTimes. Archived from the original on 7 May 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011. 
  12. ↑ "PharmaMar website". 
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