Tjioeng Wanara

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Tjioeng Wanara

Poster
Directed by Jo Eng Sek
Produced by Jo Eng Sek
Screenplay by Rd Ariffien
Starring
  • R Sukran
  • Elly Joenara
  • AB Djoenaedi
Studio Star Film
Release dates
  • 18 August 1941 (1941-08-18) (Dutch East Indies)
Country Dutch East Indies
Language Indonesian

Tjioeng Wanara ([tʃiˈuŋ waˈnara]; Perfected Spelling: Ciung Wanara) is a 1941 film from the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia) directed and produced by Jo Eng Sek. Starring R Sukran, Elly Joenara, and AB Djoenaedi, it featured more than 500 people in supporting roles. The film, adapted from the Sundanese legend of the same name, follows a young prince named Tjioeng Wanara who must reclaim the throne from the cruel King of Galuh.

The second production by Star Films, Tjioeng Wanara was released on 18 August 1941 and advertised heavily, emphasizing the fact that Poerbatjaraka had served as historical adviser and that the film was based on Balai Pustaka's version of the legend. It received mixed reviews, but premiered to commercial success. This black-and-white production, which was screened through 1948, is now thought lost.

Plot

It is 1255 Saka, and Permana Dikoesoemah is the King of Galuh, beloved to his people and his wife Naganingroem. The minister Aria Kebonan (M. Arief), however, wants power for himself, and influences the king into surrendering the crown to him. Permana Dikoesoemah warns Aria Kebonan to always respect him and to not bother his wife, then abdicates to meditate before ultimately ascending to a higher plane of existence. Aria Kebonan, meanwhile, magically gains the king's appearance; as such, the people of Galuh are unaware that they have a new king.

Aria Kebonan proves himself to be an unpopular ruler. One day, he hears that both Naganingroem and the king's former concubine, Dewi Pangrenjep, are pregnant. With Dewi Pangrenjep, Aria Kebonan plans to eliminate Naganingroem's son. During childbirth the son is replaced with a dog, while Dewi Pangrenjep takes him and throws him into a river. He is later found and rescued by farmers, who name him Tjioeng Wanara. Dewi Pangrenjep, meanwhile, gives birth to a son, Aria Banga.

Years pass, and Tjioeng Wanara grows to be a strong young man. Aria Banga, meanwhile, has taken over the throne and rules with an iron fist, hated and feared by his people. Tjioeng Wanara returns to Galuh and overthrows the king, arresting Aria Kebonan and Dewi Pangrenjep; Aria Banga, however, is able to escape and establish the kingdom of Majapahit. Tjioeng Wanara rules kindly over his people and later moves his capital to Pajajaran.[1]

Production

A production still from the film, showing many supporting actors.

Tjioeng Wanara was directed and produced by Jo Eng Sek for Star Film. This was Jo's second film, and the second film produced by Star, following Pah Wongso Pendekar Boediman in 1940.[2] Poerbatjaraka, a scholar of traditional literature, served as historical adviser to the production.[3] Cinematography for this black-and-white film was handled by Chok Chin Hsien.[4] By June 1941 production was almost complete.[5]

The film starred R Sukran, Elly Joenara, AB Djoenaedi, Muahmmad Arief, and S Waldy (pseudonym of Waldemar Caerel Hunter).[3] Waldy has made his film debut in 1940's Zoebaida for Oriental Film Company, later joining Star for Pah Wongso;[6] Joenara and Arief had made their screen debut in the latter film.[7] Djoenaedi and Sukran made their feature film debut in Tjioeng Wanara.[8][9] The stars were supported by over 500 extras and actors in bit parts.[5] JB Kristanto's Katalog Film Indonesia records the film as the first "colossal" production in the Indies, in terms of scale.[3]

The film was based on a Sundanese legend of the same name, retold by MA Salamoen in a Balai Pustaka-published edition which was then adapted by Rd Ariffien;[3][2] as such, a review in the Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad found that little remained of the original tale except for the characters' names. The film featured traditional arts such as the Serimpi dance.[10]

Release and reception

Though initially slated for a July 1941 release,[11] Tjioeng Wanara ultimately premiered at the Orion theatre in Batavia (now Jakarta) on 18 August 1941.[10] It was publicised extensively,[3] often emphasising the role of Poerbatjaraka and using the name of Balai Pustaka in advertisements.[10] The film was rated for all ages.[12]

The premiere of Tjioeng Wanara was to a packed theatre.[10] Reviews were mixed. An anonymous review in the Soerabaijasch Handelsblad was positive, considering the film successful in its adaptation of the legend,[13] while another, in the same newspaper, recommended it.[14] Indonesian film historian Misbach Yusa Biran, however, writes that some viewers considered the film "nothing more than a stage play brought to the silver screen".[lower-alpha 1][15]

Legacy

Star made four further films before it was closed in 1942, when the Japanese occupied the Indies, though Jo Eng Sek did not direct again.[2] After writing Tjioeng Wanara, Ariffien left Star Films to work at a circus; Biran writes that he was disappointed over the work's poor reception.[15] Joenara, Arief, and Waldy remained in the film industry; Joenara went on to be a producer,[16] while Arief and Waldy later took up directing.[17][18] Neither Djoenaedi nor Sukran is recorded as making another film.[8][9]

The film was screened as late as June 1948.[19] It is likely lost. Movies in the Indies were recorded on highly flammable nitrate film, and after a fire destroyed much of Produksi Film Negara's warehouse in 1952, old films shot on nitrate were deliberately destroyed.[20] As such, American visual anthropologist Karl G. Heider suggests that all Indonesian films from before 1950 are lost.[21] However, Kristanto records several as having survived at Sinematek Indonesia's archives, and Biran writes that several Japanese propaganda films have survived at the Netherlands Government Information Service.[22]

Explanatory notes

  1. Original: "tidak lain dari wayang orang atau ketoprak yang dipindahkan ke layar perak"

References

  1. Fientje 1941, p. 49.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Biran 2009, p. 234.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Filmindonesia.or.id, Tjioeng Wanara.
  4. Filmindonesia.or.id, Kredit.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Fientje 1941, p. 48.
  6. Biran 1979, p. 488.
  7. Biran 2009, p. 246.
  8. 8.0 8.1 Filmindonesia.or.id, Sukran.
  9. 9.0 9.1 Filmindonesia.or.id, Djoenaedi.
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad 1941, Filmaankondiging Orion.
  11. Pertjatoeran Doenia dan Film 1941, Warta dari Studio.
  12. Soerabaijasch Handelsblad 1941, (untitled).
  13. Soerabaijasch Handelsblad 1941, Sampoerna 1.
  14. Soerabaijasch Handelsblad 1941, Sampoerna 2.
  15. 15.0 15.1 Biran 2009, p. 276.
  16. Apa Siapa 1999, p. 175.
  17. Biran 1979, p. 489.
  18. Filmindonesia.or.id, Arief.
  19. Pelita Rakjat 1948, (untitled).
  20. Biran 2012, p. 291.
  21. Heider 1991, p. 14.
  22. Biran 2009, p. 351.

Works cited

  • "AB Djoenaedi". filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014. 
  • Apa Siapa Orang Film Indonesia [What and Who: Film Figures in Indonesia] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Indonesian Ministry of Information. 1999. OCLC 44427179. 
  • Biran, Misbach Yusa, ed. (1979). Apa Siapa Orang Film Indonesia 1926–1978 [What and Who: Film Figures in Indonesia, 1926–1978]. Sinematek Indonesia. OCLC 6655859. 
  • Biran, Misbach Yusa (2009). Sejarah Film 1900–1950: Bikin Film di Jawa [History of Film 1900–1950: Making Films in Java] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Komunitas Bamboo working with the Jakarta Art Council. ISBN 978-979-3731-58-2. 
  • Biran, Misbach Yusa (2012). "Film di Masa Kolonial" [Film in the Colonial Period]. Indonesia dalam Arus Sejarah: Masa Pergerakan Kebangsaan [Indonesia in the Flow of Time: The Nationalist Movement] (in Indonesian) V. Ministry of Education and Culture. pp. 268–93. ISBN 978-979-9226-97-6. 
  • Fientje (June 1941). "Tjioeng Wanara di atas Layar Perak" [Tjioeng Wanara on the Silver Screen]. Pertjatoeran Doenia dan Film (in Indonesian) (Batavia) 1 (1): 48–49. 
  • "Filmaankondiging Orion: "Tjioeng Wanara"" [Film Announcement, Orion: 'Tjioeng Wanara']. Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad (in Dutch) (Batavia). 19 August 1941. p. 6. 
  • Heider, Karl G (1991). Indonesian Cinema: National Culture on Screen. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1367-3. 
  • "Kredit Tjioeng Wanara" [Credits for Tjioeng Wanara]. filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014. 
  • "M Arief". filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014. 
  • "R Sukran". filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014. 
  • "Sampoerna: 'Tjioeng Wanara'". Soerabaijasch Handelsblad (in Dutch) (Surabaya). 28 August 1941. p. 4. 
  • "Sampoerna: 'Tjioeng Wanara'". Soerabaijasch Handelsblad (in Dutch) (Surabaya). 28 August 1941. p. 6. 
  • "Tjioeng Wanara". filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012. 
  • "(untitled)". Soerabaijasch Handelsblad (in Dutch) (Surabaya). 26 August 1941. p. 7. 
  • "(untitled)". Pelita Rakjat (in Indonesian) (Surabaya). 23 June 1948. p. 4. 
  • "Warta dari Studio" [Reports from the Studios]. Pertjatoeran Doenia dan Film (in Indonesian) (Batavia) 1 (2): 27. July 1941. 
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