Tip jet
Tip jet refers to the jet nozzles located at the tip of some helicopter rotor blades. The objective is to spin the rotor, much like a Catherine wheel firework.
Some tip jets rely solely on compressed air, provided by a separate engine, to create jet thrust. Others use an afterburner type system to burn fuel in the compressed air at the tip (tip-burners) to enhance the thrust. Some are ramjets or even a complete turbojet engine. Some are rocket tip jets that run off stored propellant such as hydrogen peroxide.
Tip jets replace the normal shaft drive and have the advantage of placing no torque on the airframe, so no tail rotor is required.
Some simple monocopters are composed of nothing but a single blade with a tip rocket.[1][2]
During the Second World War a German, Friedrich von Doblhoff, suggested powering a helicopter with ram jets. The first tip jet-powered helicopter was the WNF 342 V1 in 1943. After the war two WNF 342 prototypes ended up with the Americans and Doblhoff joined McDonnell Douglas who subsequently produced the McDonnell XV-1. The engineer who had actually produced the tip jet engines, August Stephan, joined the Fairey Aviation company of the United Kingdom which used them in their Fairey Jet Gyrodyne and Fairey Rotodyne aircraft first flying in 1954 and 1957 respectively.
Eugene Michael Gluhareff was an early pioneer of tip jets.
In engine-out scenarios the presence of tip jets on the rotor increases the moment of inertia, hence permitting it to store energy, which makes doing a successful autorotation landing somewhat easier. However, the tip jet also typically generates significant extra air drag, which demands a higher sink rate and means that a very sudden transition to the landing flare must occur for survival, with little room for error.
Rotorcraft using tip jets
- Percival P.74 - underpowered, it never took off
- Hiller YH-32 Hornet 'jet jeep' had good lifting capability but was otherwise poor
- Mil V-7 - soviet turbojet helicopter
- Fairey Jet Gyrodyne - provided data for the Rotodyne
- Fairey Rotodyne - 48 seater short-haul airliner design
- Fairey Ultra-light Helicopter - four built for military use but no further orders
- Fiat 7002
- Focke-Wulf Fw Triebflügel World War II interceptor design — not built
- McDonnell XV-1
- Hughes XH-17 - flying crane (largest rotor of any type on a helicopter)
- Nederlandse Helikopter Industrie NHI H-3 Kolibrie (ca 11 built)
- SwissCopter of Innosuisse Corp. (DragonFly)
- Rotary Rocket Roton ATV
- Sud-Ouest Djinn - compressed air tip jets
- JK-1 Trzmiel (polish prototype one-seat helicopter)
None apart from the Sud-Ouest Djinn have made it into production.
See also
References
- Dragonfly tip jet helicopter from Swiss Copter
- http://www.gyropilot.co.uk/downloads/Rotodyne%202%20RTF%20Mod.pdf Accessed 1 February 2007