Time zone

A time zone is a region that has a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes. It is convenient for areas in close commercial or other communication to keep the same time, so time zones tend to follow the boundaries of countries and their subdivisions.

Most of the time zones on land are offset from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) by a whole number of hours (UTC−12 to UTC+14), but a few are offset by 30 or 45 minutes (for example Nepal Standard Time is UTC +05:45). Some higher latitude countries use daylight saving time for part of the year, typically by changing clocks by an hour. Many land time zones are skewed toward the west of the corresponding nautical time zones. This also creates a permanent daylight saving time effect.

History

Early timekeeping

Before clocks were invented, people marked the time of day with apparent solar time (also called "true" solar time) – for example, the time on a sundial – which was typically different for every settlement.

When well-regulated mechanical clocks became widespread in the early 19th century,^{[citation needed]} each city began to use some local mean solar time. Apparent and mean solar time can differ by up to around 15 minutes (as described by the equation of time) due to the non-circular shape of the Earth's orbit around the sun (Eccentricity) and the tilt of the Earth's axis (Obliquity). Mean solar time has days of equal length, and the difference between the two averages to zero after a year.

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) was established in 1675 when the Royal Observatory was built as an aid to mariners to determine longitude at sea, providing a standard reference time when each city in England kept a different local time.

Railroad time

Local solar time became increasingly awkward as rail transport and telecommunications improved, because clocks differed between places by an amount corresponding to the difference in their geographical longitude, which varied by four minutes for every degree of longitude. The difference between New York and Boston is about two degrees or 8 minutes, the difference between Sydney and Melbourne, Australia, is about 7 degrees or 28 minutes. Bristol is 2°35′ W(est) of Greenwich (East London), so when it is noon in Bristol, it is about 10 minutes past noon in London.^[1] The use of time zones smooths out these differences.

The first adoption of a standard time was on December 1, 1847, in Great Britain by railway companies using GMT kept by portable chronometers. The first of these companies to adopt standard time was the Great Western Railway (GWR) in November 1840. This quickly became known as Railway Time. About August 23, 1852, time signals were first transmitted by telegraph from the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. Even though 98% of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT by 1855, it was not made Britain's legal time until August 2, 1880. Some old British clocks from this period have two minute hands—one for the local time, one for GMT.^[2]

The increase in worldwide communication had further increased the need for interacting parties to communicate mutually comprehensible time references to one another. The problem of differing local times could be solved across larger areas by synchronizing clocks worldwide, but in many places the local time would then differ markedly from the solar time to which people were accustomed. Time zones were a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to approximate the mean solar time.

On November 2, 1868, the then-British colony of New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to be observed throughout the colony, and was perhaps the first country to do so. It was based on the longitude 172°30′ East of Greenwich, that is 11 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT. This standard was known as New Zealand Mean Time.^[3]

Timekeeping on the American railroads in the mid-19th century was somewhat confused. Each railroad used its own standard time, usually based on the local time of its headquarters or most important terminus, and the railroad's train schedules were published using its own time. Some junctions served by several railroads had a clock for each railroad, each showing a different time.

Charles F. Dowd proposed a system of one-hour standard time zones for American railroads about 1863, although he published nothing on the matter at that time and did not consult railroad officials until 1869. In 1870 he proposed four ideal time zones (having north–south borders), the first centered on Washington, D.C., but by 1872 the first was centered 75°W of Greenwich, with geographic borders (for example, sections of the Appalachian Mountains). Dowd's system was never accepted by American railroads. Instead, U.S. and Canadian railroads implemented a version proposed by William F. Allen, the editor of the Traveler's Official Railway Guide.^[4] The borders of its time zones ran through railroad stations, often in major cities. For example, the border between its Eastern and Central time zones ran through Detroit, Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Atlanta, and Charleston. It was inaugurated on Sunday, November 18, 1883, also called "The Day of Two Noons",^[5] when each railroad station clock was reset as standard-time noon was reached within each time zone. The zones were named Intercolonial, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Within a year 85% of all cities with populations over 10,000, about 200 cities, were using standard time.^[6] A notable exception was Detroit (which is about half-way between the meridians of eastern time and central time), which kept local time until 1900, then tried Central Standard Time, local mean time, and Eastern Standard Time before a May 1915 ordinance settled on EST and was ratified by popular vote in August 1916. The confusion of times came to an end when Standard zone time was formally adopted by the U.S. Congress in the Standard Time Act of March 19, 1918.

Worldwide time zones

Although the first person to propose a worldwide system of time zones was Italian mathematician Quirico Filopanti in his book Miranda! published in 1858, his idea was unknown outside the pages of his book until long after his death, so it did not influence the adoption of time zones during the 19th century. He proposed 24 hourly time zones, which he called "longitudinal days", the first centered on the meridian of Rome. He also proposed a universal time to be used in astronomy and telegraphy.^[7][8]

Scottish-born Canadian Sir Sandford Fleming proposed a worldwide system of time zones in 1879. He advocated his system at several international conferences, thus is widely credited with their invention. In 1876, his first proposal was for a global 24-hour clock, conceptually located at the center of the Earth and not linked to any surface meridian. In 1879 he specified that his universal day would begin at the anti-meridian of Greenwich (180th meridian), while conceding that hourly time zones might have some limited local use. He also proposed his system at the International Meridian Conference in October 1884, but it did not adopt his time zones because they were not within its purview. The conference did adopt a universal day of 24 hours beginning at Greenwich midnight, but specified that it "shall not interfere with the use of local or standard time where desirable".

By about 1900, almost all time on Earth was in the form of standard time zones, only some of which used an hourly offset from GMT. Many applied the time at a local astronomical observatory to an entire country, without any reference to GMT. It took many decades before all time on Earth was in the form of time zones referred to some "standard offset" from GMT/UTC. Most major countries had adopted hourly time zones by 1929. Nepal was the last country to adopt a standard offset, shifting slightly to UTC+5:45 in 1986.

Today, all nations use standard time zones for secular purposes, but they do not all apply the concept as originally conceived. Newfoundland, India, Iran, Afghanistan, Venezuela, Burma, Sri Lanka, the Marquesas, as well as parts of Australia use half-hour deviations from standard time, and some nations, such as Nepal, and some provinces, such as the Chatham Islands, use quarter-hour deviations. Some countries, most notably China and India, use a single time zone, even though the extent of their territory far exceeds 15° of longitude. Before 1949, China used five time zones.

Definition

Until 1972 all time zones were specified as an offset from Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), which was the mean solar time at the meridian passing through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London. Since 1972 all official time services have broadcast radio time signals synchronized to UTC, a form of atomic time that includes leap seconds to keep it within 0.9 seconds of this former GMT, now called UT1. Many countries now legally define their standard time relative to UTC, although some still legally refer to GMT, including the United Kingdom itself. UTC, also called Zulu time, is used everywhere on Earth by astronomers and others who need to state the time of an event unambiguously.^{[citation needed]}

Time zones are based on Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)^{[citation needed]}, the mean solar time at longitude 0° (the Prime Meridian). As the rate of rotation of the Earth is not constant, the time derived from atomic clocks is adjusted to stay within a second of UT1. In January 1972 the length of the second in both Greenwich Mean Time and atomic time was equalized. The readings of atomic clocks are averaged to give a uniform time scale.

Because the length of the average day is currently 0.002 second more than 24 hours, leap seconds are periodically inserted into Greenwich Mean Time to make it approximate to UT1. This new time system is also called Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Leap seconds are inserted to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of UT1. Because the Earth's rotation is gradually slowing, leap seconds will need to be added more frequently in the future. However, from one year to the next the rotation rate is slightly irregular, so leap seconds are not added unless observations of Earth's rotation show that one is needed. In this way, local times will continue to stay close to mean solar time and the effects of variations in Earth's rotation rate will be confined to simple step changes relative to the uniform time scale (International Atomic Time or TAI). All local times differ from TAI by an integral number of seconds. With the implementation of UTC, nations began to use it in the definition of their time zones. As of 2005, most nations had altered the definition of local time in this way.

In the United Kingdom, this involved redefining Greenwich Mean Time to make it the same as UTC.^[9] British Summer Time (BST) is still one hour in advance of Greenwich Mean Time and is therefore also one hour in advance of Coordinated Universal Time. Thus Greenwich Mean Time is the local time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich between 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in October and 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March. Similar circumstances apply in many other places.

Leap seconds are considered by many to be a nuisance , and ways to abolish them are being considered. This means letting the time difference accumulate. One suggestion is to insert a "leap-hour" in about 5,000 years. For more on this discussion read Proposal to abolish leap seconds.

Notation of time

ISO 8601

UTC

If the time is in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), add a "Z" directly after the time without a space. "Z" is the zone designator for the zero UTC offset. "09:30 UTC" is therefore represented as "09:30Z" or "0930Z". "14:45:15 UTC" would be "14:45:15Z" or "144515Z".

UTC time is also known as "Zulu" time, since "Zulu" is the ICAO spelling alphabet code word for "Z".

Offsets from UTC

Offsets from UTC are written in the format ±[hh]:[mm], ±[hh][mm], or ±[hh]. So if the time being described is one hour ahead of UTC (such as the time in Berlin during the winter), the zone designator would be "+01:00", "+0100", or simply "+01". This is appended to the time in the same way that 'Z' was above. The offset from UTC changes with daylight saving time, e.g. a time offset in Chicago, which is in the North American Central Time Zone, would be "−06:00" for the winter (Central Standard Time) and "−05:00" for the summer.

Abbreviations

Time zones are often represented by abbreviations such as "EST, WST, CST" but these are not part of the international time and date standard ISO 8601 and their use as sole designator for a time zone is not recommended. Such designations can be ambiguous. For example, "BST", which is British Summer Time, was renamed "British Standard Time" between 1968 and 1971 when Central European Time was in force because legislators objected to calling it Central European Time. The same legislation affirmed that the Standard Time within the United Kingdom was, and would continue to be, Greenwich Mean Time.

Time zones and time offsets

A time zone is a geographical region where just about everybody observes the same standard time.

A time offset is an amount of time subtracted from or added to UTC to get the current civil time - whether it's standard time or Daylight saving time.

In any particular time zone residents either observe standard time all year round (as in Hawaii or most of Arizona) OR they observe standard time in winter and daylight time in summer.

UTC offsets worldwide

Time zones map (Last update: March 2013)

UTC−12:00 ... UTC−07:00 UTC−06:00 ... UTC−01:00 UTC±00:00 ... UTC+05:45 UTC+06:00 ... UTC+11:30 UTC+12:00 ... UTC+14:00 Oceania / North America / Antarctica North and South America / Antarctica Europe / Africa / Asia / Antarctica Asia / Antarctica Asia / Oceania / Antarctica No DST in summer DST in summer No DST in summer DST in summer No DST in summer DST in summer No DST in summer DST in summer No DST in summer DST in summer −12:00 −12:00 /−11:00 N: US- −06:00 −06:00 /−05:00 N: US-, MX- ±00:00 IS ±00:00 /+01:00 N: GB, IE, PT +06:00 RU-, KZ-- +06:00 /+07:00 +12:00 KI-, RU- +12:00 /+13:00 S: NZ- +06:30 MM +12:45 +12:45 /+13:45 S: NZ −11:00 US- −11:00 /−10:00 −05:00 BO, CO, PA, PE −05:00 /−04:00 N: CA-, CU, US- +01:00 TN, CG, CD-, DZ, NE, NG +01:00 /+02:00 N: AT, BA, BE, CH, CZ, DE, DK, ES-, FR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LU, MK, NL, NO, PL, SE, SI, SK S: NA +07:00 RU-, MN-, VN, LA, TH, KH, ID- +07:00 /+08:00 +13:00 KI- −04:30 VE −10:00 US- −10:00 /−09:00 US- −04:00 −04:00 /−03:00 S: AQ- +02:00 Africa: BI, BW, CD-, EG, LY, MW, MZ, RW, ZA, ZM, ZW +02:00 /+03:00 N: FI, EE, LV, LT, UA, BG, GR, MD, RO, TR +08:00 CN, HK, ID, MN-, MY, RU, PH, SG, TW, +08:00 /+09:00 +14:00 KI- −03:30 −03:30 /−02:30 S: CA- −09:00 −09:00 /−08:00 N: US- −03:00 AR −03:00 /−02:00 S: BR- +03:00 Europe: BY, RU-, Africa: KE, SD, SO, SS, ER, Asia: IQ, SA +03:00 /+04:00 +09:00 RU-, JP, KP, KR, ID- +09:00 /+10:00 +03:30 +03:30 /+04:30 IR +09:30 +09:30 /+10:30 AU- −08:00 −08:00 /−07:00 N: CA-, US-, MX- −02:00 −02:00 /−01:00 +04:00 RU-, GE +04:00 /+05:00 +10:00 RU- +10:00 /+11:00 +04:30 AF −07:00 US-, MX- −07:00 /−06:00 N: CA-, US-, MX- −01:00 −01:00 /±00:00 +05:00 KZ-, PK +05:00 /+06:00 +11:00 RU- +11:00 /+12:00 +05:30 IN +11:30 NF +05:45 NP XX = ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code, XX- = parts of the country, N = North, S = South, UTC = Universal Coordinated Time, DST = Daylight Saving Time

List of UTC offsets

These examples give the local time at various locations around the world when daylight saving time is not in effect:

Time offset	Example time (ISO 8601 notation)	Example locations	Example locations that in summer use DST
UTC−12:00	2014-02-12T10:50:58-12:00	Baker Island, Howland Island (both uninhabited)
UTC−11:00	2014-02-12T11:50:58-11:00	American Samoa, Niue
UTC−10:00	2014-02-12T12:50:58-10:00	United States (Hawaii)	Most of French Polynesia, United States (Aleutian Islands)
UTC−09:30	2014-02-12T13:20:58-09:30	Marquesas Islands
UTC−09:00	2014-02-12T13:50:58-09:00	Gambier Islands	United States (most of Alaska)
UTC−08:00	2014-02-12T14:50:58-08:00		Canada (most of British Columbia), Mexico (Baja California), United States (California, most of Nevada, most of Oregon, Washington (state))
UTC−07:00	2014-02-12T15:50:58-07:00	Canada (northeastern British Columbia), Mexico (Sonora), United States (Arizona)	Canada (Alberta), Mexico (Chihuahua), United States (Colorado)
UTC−06:00	2014-02-12T16:50:58-06:00	Canada (almost all of Saskatchewan), Costa Rica, El Salvador, Ecuador (Galápagos Islands), Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (most), Nicaragua,	Canada (Manitoba), United States (Illinois, most of Texas)
UTC−05:00	2014-02-12T17:50:58-05:00	Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador (continental), Jamaica, Panama, Peru	Canada (most of Ontario, most of Quebec), Haiti, United States (most of Florida, Georgia, Massachusetts, most of Michigan, most of Indiana, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Washington, D.C.), Bahamas
UTC−04:30	2014-02-12T18:20:58-04:30	Venezuela
UTC−04:00	2014-02-12T18:50:58-04:00	Bolivia, Brazil (Amazonas), Chile (continental), Dominican Republic, Canada (Nova Scotia), Puerto Rico, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago	Falkland Islands
UTC−03:30	2014-02-12T19:20:58-03:30		Canada (island of Newfoundland and southern Labrador)
UTC−03:00	2014-02-12T19:50:58-03:00	Argentina, Paraguay	Brazil (Federal District, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo), most of Greenland, Uruguay
UTC−02:00	2014-02-12T20:50:58-02:00	Brazil (Fernando de Noronha), South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
UTC−01:00	2014-02-12T21:50:58-01:00	Cape Verde	Portugal (Azores)
UTC±00:00	2014-02-12T22:50:58+00:00	Côte d'Ivoire, Faroe Islands, Ghana, Iceland, Senegal	Ireland, Portugal (continental and Madeira), Spain (Canary Islands), Morocco, United Kingdom, Western Sahara
UTC+01:00	2014-02-12T23:50:58+01:00	Algeria, Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Gabon, Niger, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo (west), Tunisia	Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Spain (continental), Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Macedonia, France (metropolitan), Namibia, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland
UTC+02:00	2014-02-13T00:50:58+02:00	Egypt, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe	Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Israel, Jordan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Moldova, Northern Cyprus, Palestine (including Gaza Strip), Romania, Syria, Transnistria, Turkey, Ukraine
UTC+03:00	2014-02-13T01:50:58+03:00	Belarus, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Iraq, Kenya, Madagascar, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast), Saudi Arabia, South Sudan, Sudan, Somalia, Somaliland, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen
UTC+03:30	2014-02-13T02:20:58+03:30		Iran
UTC+04:00	2014-02-13T02:50:58+04:00	Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Mauritius, Oman, Russia (European), Seychelles, United Arab Emirates
UTC+04:30	2014-02-13T03:20:58+04:30	Afghanistan
UTC+05:00	2014-02-13T03:50:58+05:00	Kazakhstan (west), Maldives, Pakistan, Uzbekistan
UTC+05:30	2014-02-13T04:20:58+05:30	India, Sri Lanka
UTC+05:45	2014-02-13T04:35:58+05:45	Nepal
UTC+06:00	2014-02-13T04:50:58+06:00	Kazakhstan (most), Bangladesh, Bhutan, Russia (Ural: Sverdlovsk Oblast, Chelyabinsk Oblast)
UTC+06:30	2014-02-13T05:20:58+06:30	Cocos Islands, Myanmar
UTC+07:00	2014-02-13T05:50:58+07:00	Western Indonesia, Russia (Novosibirsk Oblast), Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia
UTC+08:00	2014-02-13T06:50:58+08:00	Hong Kong, Central Indonesia, China, Russia (Krasnoyarsk Krai), Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, most of Mongolia, Australia (Western Australia),(Eucla) official, Macau
UTC+08:45	2014-02-13T07:35:58+08:45	Australia (Eucla) unofficial
UTC+09:00	2014-02-13T07:50:58+09:00	Eastern Indonesia, East Timor, Russia (Irkutsk Oblast), Japan, North Korea, South Korea
UTC+09:30	2014-02-13T08:20:58+09:30	Australia (Northern Territory)	Australia (South Australia)
UTC+10:00	2014-02-13T08:50:58+10:00	Russia (Zabaykalsky Krai), Papua New Guinea, Australia (Queensland)	Australia (New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria)
UTC+10:30	2014-02-13T09:20:58+10:30		Lord Howe Island
UTC+11:00	2014-02-13T09:50:58+11:00	New Caledonia, Russia (Primorsky Krai), Solomon Islands
UTC+11:30	2014-02-13T10:20:58+11:30	Norfolk Island
UTC+12:00	2014-02-13T10:50:58+12:00	Kiribati (Gilbert Islands), Fiji, Russia (Kamchatka Krai)	New Zealand
UTC+12:45	2014-02-13T11:35:58+12:45		Chatham Islands
UTC+13:00	2014-02-13T11:50:58+13:00	Kiribati (Phoenix Islands), Tonga, Tokelau	Samoa
UTC+14:00	2014-02-13T12:50:58+14:00	Kiribati (Line Islands)

Where the adjustment for time zones results in a time at the other side of midnight from UTC, then the date at the location is one day later or earlier.

Some examples when UTC is 23:00 on Monday when or where daylight saving time is not in effect:

• Cairo, Egypt: UTC+02; 01:00 on Tuesday
• Wellington, New Zealand: UTC+12; 11:00 on Tuesday

Some examples when UTC is 02:00 on Tuesday when or where daylight saving time is not in effect:

• Honolulu, Hawaii, United States: UTC−10; 16:00 on Monday
• Toronto, Ontario, Canada: UTC−05; 21:00 on Monday

The time-zone adjustment for a specific location may vary because of daylight saving time. For example New Zealand, which is usually UTC+12, observes a one-hour daylight saving time adjustment during the Southern Hemisphere summer, resulting in a local time of UTC+13.

Time zone conversions

Conversion between time zones obeys the relationship

"time in zone A" − "UTC offset for zone A" = "time in zone B" − "UTC offset for zone B",

in which each side of the equation is equivalent to UTC. (The more familiar term "UTC offset" is used here rather than the term "zone designator" used by the standard.)

The conversion equation can be rearranged to

"time in zone B" = "time in zone A" − "UTC offset for zone A" + "UTC offset for zone B".

For example, what time is it in Los Angeles (UTC offset= −08) when the New York Stock Exchange opens at 09:30 (−05)?

time in Los Angeles = 09:30 − (−05:00) + (−08:00) = 06:30.

In Delhi (UTC offset= +5:30), the New York Stock Exchange opens at

time in Delhi = 09:30 − (−05:00) + (+5:30) = 20:00.

These calculations become more complicated near a daylight saving boundary (because the UTC offset for zone X is a function of the UTC time).

Nautical time zones

Since the 1920s a nautical standard time system has been in operation for ships on the high seas. Nautical time zones are an ideal form of the terrestrial time zone system. Under the system, a time change of one hour is required for each change of longitude by 15°. The 15° gore that is offset from GMT or UT1 (not UTC) by twelve hours is bisected by the nautical date line into two 7.5° gores that differ from GMT by ±12 hours. A nautical date line is implied but not explicitly drawn on time zone maps. It follows the 180th meridian except where it is interrupted by territorial waters adjacent to land, forming gaps: it is a pole-to-pole dashed line.^[10][11][12]

A ship within the territorial waters of any nation would use that nation's standard time, but would revert to nautical standard time upon leaving its territorial waters. The captain is permitted to change the ship's clocks at a time of the captain’s choice following the ship's entry into another time zone. The captain often chooses midnight. Ships going in shuttle traffic over a time zone border often keep the same time zone all the time, to avoid confusion about work, meal and shop opening hours. Still the time table for port calls must follow the land time zone.

Skewing of zones

Ideal time zones, such as nautical time zones, are based on the mean solar time of a particular meridian located in the middle of that zone with boundaries located 7.5 degrees east and west of the meridian. In practice, zone boundaries are often drawn much farther to the west with often irregular boundaries, and some locations base their time on meridians located far to the east.

For example, even though the Prime Meridian (0°) passes through Spain and France, they use the mean solar time of 15 degrees east (Central European Time) rather than 0 degrees (Greenwich Mean Time). France previously used GMT, but was switched to CET (Central European Time) during the German occupation of the country during World War II and did not switch back after the war.^[13] Similarly, prior to World War II, the Netherlands observed "Amsterdam Time", which was twenty minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. They were obliged to follow German time during the war, and kept it thereafter. In the mid 1970s the Netherlands, as with other European states, began observing daylight saving (summer) time.

There is a tendency to draw time zone boundaries far to the west of their meridians. Many of these locations also use daylight saving time. As a result, in the summer, solar noon in the Spanish town of Muxía occurs at 2:37 pm by the clock. This area of Spain never experiences sunset before 6:00 pm local time even in midwinter, despite its lying more than 40 degrees north of the equator. Near the summer solstice, Muxia has sunset times (after 10:00 pm) similar to those of Stockholm, which is in the same time zone and 16 degrees further north. Stockholm has much earlier sunrises, though.

A more extreme example is Nome, Alaska, which is at 165°24′W longitude—just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165°W). Nevertheless, Nome observes Alaska Time (135°W) with DST so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and over three in summer.^[14] Kotzebue, Alaska, also near the same meridian but north of the Arctic Circle, has an annual event on 9 August to celebrate two sunsets in the same 24-hour day, one shortly after midnight at the start of the day, and the other shortly before midnight at the end of the day.

Also, China extends as far west as 73°34′E, but all parts of it use UTC+08:00 (120°E), so solar "noon" can occur as late as 15:00 in western portions of China such as Xinjiang and Tibet.

Daylight saving time

Many countries, and sometimes just certain regions of countries, adopt daylight saving time (also known as "Summer Time") during part of the year. This typically involves advancing clocks by an hour near the start of spring and adjusting back in autumn ("spring" forward, "fall" back). Modern DST was first proposed in 1907 and was in widespread use in 1916 as a wartime measure aimed at conserving coal. Despite controversy, many countries have used it off and on since then; details vary by location and change occasionally. Most countries around the equator do not observe daylight saving time, since the seasonal difference in sunlight is minimal.

Additional information

• Western nations and their territories: France has twelve time zones including those of Metropolitan France, French Guiana and numerous islands, inhabited and uninhabited. Russia has nine time zones (and used to have 11 time zones before March 2010), eight contiguous zones plus Kaliningrad exclave on the Baltic Sea. The United States has ten time zones (nine official plus that for Wake Island and its Antarctic stations; no official time zone is specified for uninhabited Howland Island and Baker Island). Australia has nine time zones (one unofficial and three official on the mainland plus four for its territories and one more for an Antarctic station not included in other time zones). The United Kingdom has eight time zones for itself and its overseas territories. Canada has six official time zones. The Danish Realm has five time zones.
• In terms of area, China is the largest country with only one time zone (UTC+08). China also has the widest spanning time zone. Before 1949, China was separated into five time zones.^{[citation needed]}
• Stations in Antarctica generally keep the time of their supply bases, thus both the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station (U.S.) and McMurdo Station (U.S.) use New Zealand time (UTC+12 southern winter, UTC+13 southern summer).
• The 27°N latitude passes back and forth across time zones in South Asia. Pakistan: +05:00, India +05:30, Nepal +05:45, +05:30, Myanmar +06:30. This switching was more odd in 2002, when Pakistan enabled daylight saving time. Thus from west to east, time zones were: +06:00, +05:30, +05:45, +05:30, +08:00, +06:00, +05:30 and +06:30.
• Because the earliest and latest time zones are 26 hours apart, any given calendar date exists at some point on the globe for 50 hours. For example, April 11 begins in time zone UTC+14 at 10:00 UTC April 10, and ends in time zone UTC−12 at 12:00 UTC April 12.
• There are 22 places where three or more time zones meet, for instance at the tri-country border of Finland, Norway and Russia. 28 countries present such triple points, with China being the most present (in 13 of the 22 triple points). Then come India (7), Russia, India and Afghanistan (4).
• There are 40 time zones. This is due to fractional hour offsets and zones with offsets larger than 12 hours near the International Date Line as well as one unofficial zone in Australia. See the list of time zones.
• The largest time gap along a political border is the 3.5 hour gap along the border of China (UTC+08) and Afghanistan (UTC+04:30).
• One of the most unusual time zones is the Australian Central Western Time zone (CWST), which is a small strip of Western Australia from the border of South Australia west to 125.5°E, just before Caiguna. It is 8¾ hours ahead of UTC (UTC+08:45) and covers an area of about 35,000 km², larger than Belgium, but has a population of about 200. Although unofficial, it is universally respected in the area—without it, the time gap in standard time at 129°E (the WA/SA border) would be 1.5 hours. See Time in Australia.

Computer systems and the Internet

Computer operating systems include the necessary support for working with all (or almost all) possible local times based on the various time zones. Internally, operating systems typically use UTC as their basic time-keeping standard, while providing services for converting local times to and from UTC, and also the ability to automatically change local time conversions at the start and end of daylight saving time in the various time zones. (See the article on daylight saving time for more details on this aspect).

Web servers presenting web pages primarily for an audience in a single time zone or a limited range of time zones typically show times as a local time, perhaps with UTC time in brackets. More internationally-oriented websites may show times in UTC only or using an arbitrary time zone. For example the international English-language version of CNN includes GMT and Hong Kong Time,^[15] whilst the US version shows Eastern Time.^[16] US Eastern Time and Pacific Time are also used fairly commonly on many US-based English-language websites with global readership. The format is typically based in the W3C Note "datetime".

Email systems and other messaging systems (IRC chat, etc.)^[17] time-stamp messages using UTC, or else include the sender's time zone as part of the message, allowing the receiving program to display the message's date and time of sending in the recipient's local time.

Database records that include a time stamp typically use UTC, especially when the database is part of a system that spans multiple time zones. The use of local time for time-stamping records is not recommended for time zones that implement daylight saving time due to the fact that once a year there is a one hour period when local times are ambiguous.

Operating systems

Unix

Most Unix-like systems, including Linux and Mac OS X, keep system time as UTC (Coordinated Universal Time). Rather than having a single time zone set for the whole computer, timezone offsets can vary for different processes. Standard library routines are used to calculate the local time based on the current timezone, normally supplied to processes through the TZ environment variable. This allows users in multiple timezones to use the same computer, with their respective local times displayed correctly to each user. Time zone information most commonly comes from the IANA time zone database. In fact, many systems, including anything using the GNU C Library, can make use of this database.

Microsoft Windows

Windows-based computer systems prior to Windows 2000 used local time, but Windows 2000 and later can use UTC as the basic system time.^[18] The system registry contains time zone information that includes the offset from UTC and rules that indicate the start and end dates for daylight saving in each zone. Interaction with the user normally uses local time, and application software is able to calculate the time in various zones. Terminal Servers allow remote computers to redirect their time zone settings to the Terminal Server so that users see the correct time for their time zone in their desktop/application sessions. Terminal Services uses the server base time on the Terminal Server and the client time zone information to calculate the time in the session.

Programming languages

Java

While most application software will use the underlying operating system for timezone information, the Java Platform, from version 1.3.1, has maintained its own timezone database. This database is updated whenever timezone rules change. Oracle provides an updater tool for this purpose.^[19]

As an alternative to the timezone information bundled with the Java Platform, programmers may choose to use the Joda-Time library.^[20] This library includes its own timezone data based on the IANA time zone database.^[21]

JavaScript

There is very little in the way of timezone support for JavaScript. Essentially the programmer has to extract the UTC offset by instantiating a time object, getting a GMT time from it, and differencing the two. This does not provide a solution for daylight saving variations.

PHP

The DateTime objects and related functions have been compiled into the PHP core since 5.2. This includes the ability to get and set the default script timezone, and DateTime is aware of its own timezone internally. PHP.net provides extensive documentation on this.^[22] As noted there, the most current timezone database can be implemented via the PECL timezonedb.

Python

The standard module datetime stores and operates on the timezone information class tzinfo. The third party pytz module provides access to the full IANA time zone database.^[23] Negated time zone offset in seconds is stored time.timezone and time.altzone attributes.

Smalltalk

Each Smalltalk dialect comes with its own built-in classes for dates, times and timestamps, only a few of which implement the DateAndTime and Duration classes as specified by the ANSI Smalltalk Standard. VisualWorks provides a TimeZone class that supports up to two annually recurring offset transitions, which are assumed to apply to all years (same behavior as Windows time zones). Squeak provides a Timezone class that does not support any offset transitions. Dolphin Smalltalk does not support time zones at all.

For full support of the tz database (zoneinfo) in a Smalltalk application (including support for any number of annually recurring offset transitions, and support for different intra-year offset transition rules in different years) the third-party, open-source, ANSI-Smalltalk-compliant Chronos Date/Time Library is available for use with any of the following Smalltalk dialects: VisualWorks, Squeak, Gemstone, or Dolphin.^[24]

Databases

Some databases allow storage of a datetime type having time zone information. The SQL standard defines two standard time data types:

TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE

TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE

However, the standard has a somewhat naive understanding of time zones. It generally assumes a time zone can be specified by a simple offset from GMT. This causes problems when trying to do arithmetic on dates which span daylight saving time transitions or which span political changes in time zone rules.

Oracle

Oracle Database is configured with a database time zone, and connecting clients are configured with session time zones. Oracle Database uses two data types to store time zone information:

TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE 

Stores date and time information with the offset from UTC

TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE 

Stores date and time information with respect to the dbtimezone (which cannot be changed so long as there is a column in the db of this type), automatically adjusting the date and time from the stored time zone to the client's session time zone.

PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL uses the standard SQL data types but tries to impose an interpretation which avoids the problems described above.

TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE 

Stores date and time in UTC and converts to the client's local time zone (which could be different for each client) for display purposes and conversion to other types.

TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE 

Stores date and time without any conversion on input or output. When converting to a TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, interprets it according to the client's local time zone.

TIME WITH TIME ZONE 

Stores time of day together with a UTC offset in which it is to be interpreted.

TIME WITHOUT TIME ZONE 

Stores time of day without any time zone specification.

Time zones in outer space

Orbiting spacecraft typically experience many sunrises and sunsets in a 24-hour period, or in the case of Apollo program astronauts travelling to the moon, none. Thus it is not possible to calibrate time zones with respect to the sun, and still respect a 24-hour sleep/wake cycle. A common practice for space exploration is to use the Earth-based time zone of the launch site or mission control. This keeps the sleeping cycles of the crew and controllers in sync. The International Space Station normally uses Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

Timekeeping on Mars can be more complex, since the planet has a solar day of approximately 24 hours and 39 minutes, known as a sol. Earth controllers for some Mars missions have synchronized their sleep/wake cycles with the Martian day, because solar-powered rover activity on the surface was tied to periods of light and dark. The difference in day length caused the sleep/wake cycles to slowly drift with respect to the day/night cycles on Earth, repeating approximately once every 36 days.

See also

• Daylight saving time
• ISO 8601
• Jet lag
• List of time zone abbreviations
• List of time zones by country
• Lists of time zones
• Metric time
• Sunpendulum
• Time by country
• World clock

References

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Time zones.

• LEGAL TIME 2013
• W3C Note Datetime
• US Official Time Clock Java-enabled clock to graphically display night and day around the globe.

v t e Time Key concepts Past history deep time Present Future futurology Eternity arguments for Eternal return Immortality Linear time  Time portal Measurement and standards Chronometry UTC UT TAI Unit of time Planck time Second Minute Hour Day Week Month Year Decade Century Millennium Tropical year Solar year Sidereal year Systems of measurement Time zone 12-hour clock 24-hour clock Daylight saving time Solar time Sidereal time Metric time Decimal time Hexadecimal time Calendars Gregorian Julian Hebrew Islamic Lunar Solar Hijri Mayan Intercalation Leap second Leap year Clocks Astrarium History of timekeeping devices Horology Marine chronometer Sundial Water clock Atomic clock Quantum clock Chronology / history / archaeology / geology Astronomical chronology  /  Calendar era Chronicle Timeline Periodization Regnal year Big History  /  Dating methodologies  /  Geological time Geochronology Geological history Deep time Eon Era Period Epoch Age Chron Religion and mythology Dreamtime Kāla Kalachakra Prophecy Time and fate deities Wheel of time Philosophy A-series and B-series B-theory of time Causality Duration Endurantism Eternal return Eternalism Event Perdurantism Presentism Temporal finitism Temporal parts The Unreality of Time Physics Absolute time and space Arrow of time Chronon Coordinate time Planck epoch Planck time Proper time Rate Spacetime Theory of relativity Time dilation gravitational Time domain T-symmetry Biology / psychology / sociology / economics / accounting / management Chronobiology Circadian rhythms  /  Mental chronometry Specious present Time perception  /  Time discipline  /  Time use research Time value of money Time-based currency Time banking Term  /  Accounting period Fiscal year  /  Time management Punctuality Procrastination Time clock Timesheet Time tracking software Related topics Carpe diem Clock position Space System time Tempus fugit Time capsule Time signature Time travel

v t e Time measurement and standards Major subjects Time Chronometry Orders of magnitude Metrology International standards UTC UTC offset UT ΔT DUT1 IERS ISO 31-1 ISO 8601 TAI 12-hour clock 24-hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone Obsolete standards Barycentric Dynamical Time Ephemeris time Greenwich Mean Time Prime meridian Time in physics Absolute time and space Spacetime Chronon Continuous time Coordinate time Cosmological decade Discrete time Planck epoch Planck time Proper time Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain T-symmetry Horology Clock Astrarium Atomic clock Complication Equation of time History of timekeeping devices Hourglass Marine chronometer Marine sandglass Radio clock Sundial Watch Water clock Calendar Astronomical Dominical letter Epact Equinox Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Intercalation Islamic Julian Leap year Lunar Lunisolar Seven-day week Solar Solstice Tropical year Weekday determination Weekday names Archaeology and geology Dating methodologies Geologic time scale International Commission on Stratigraphy Astronomical chronology Galactic year Nuclear time scale Precession Sidereal time Units of time Century Day Decade Fortnight Hour Jiffy Lustrum Millennium Minute Moment Month Paksha Saeculum Second Shake Tide Week Year Related topics Chronology Duration Mental chronometry Metric time System time Time value of money Timekeeper