Thrombospondin 1

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Thrombospondin 1

PDB rendering based on 1lsl.
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
Identifiers
SymbolsTHBS1; THBS; THBS-1; TSP; TSP-1; TSP1
External IDsOMIM: 188060 MGI: 98737 HomoloGene: 31142 GeneCards: THBS1 Gene
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez705721825
EnsemblENSG00000137801ENSMUSG00000040152
UniProtP07996Q3TP59
RefSeq (mRNA)NM_003246NM_011580
RefSeq (protein)NP_003237NP_035710
Location (UCSC)Chr 15:
39.87 – 39.89 Mb		Chr 2:
118.11 – 118.13 Mb
PubMed search
This box:

Thrombospondin 1, also known as THBS1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THBS1 gene.[1][2]

Thrombospondin 1 is a subunit of a disulfide-linked homotrimeric protein. This protein is an adhesive glycoprotein that mediates cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions. This protein can bind to fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminin, type V collagen and integrins alpha-V/beta-1. This protein has been shown to play roles in platelet aggregation, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis.[3]

Function

The thrombospondin-1 protein is a member of the thrombospondin family. It is a multi-domain matrix glycoprotein that has been shown to be a natural inhibitor of neovascularization and tumorigenesis in healthy tissue. Both positive and negative modulation of endothelial cell adhesion, motility, and growth have been attributed to TSP1. This should not be surprising considering that TSP1 interacts with at least 12 cell adhesion receptors, including CD36, αv integrins, β1 integrins, syndecan, and integrin-associated protein (IAP or CD47). It also interacts with numerous proteases involved in angiogenesis, including plasminogen, urokinase, matrix metalloproteinase, thrombin, cathepsin, and elastase.[4]

Thrombospondin-1 binds to the reelin receptors, ApoER2 and VLDLR, thereby affecting neuronal migration in the rostral migratory stream.[5]

Structure

Thrombospondin's activity has been mapped to several domains, in particular the amino-terminal heparin-binding domain, the procollagen domain, the properdin-like type I repeats, and the globular carboxy-terminal domain. The protein also contains type II repeats with epidermal growth factor-like homology and type III repeats that contain an RGD sequence.[6]

N-terminus

The N-terminal heparin-binding domain of TSP1, when isolated as a 25kDa fragment, has been shown to be a potent inducer of cell migration at high concentrations. However, when the heparin-binding domain of TSP1 is cleaved, the remaining anti-angiogenic domains have been shown to have decreased anti-angiogenic activity at low concentrations where increased endothelial cell (EC) migration occurs. This may be explained in part by the ability of the heparin-binding domain to mediate attachment of TSP1 to cells, allowing the other domains to exert their effects. The separate roles that the heparin-binding region of TSP1 plays at high versus low concentrations may be in part responsible for regulating the two-faced nature of TSP1 and giving it a reputation of being both a positive and negative regulator of angiogenesis.[7]

Procollagen domain

Both the procollagen domain and the type I repeats of TSP1 have been shown to inhibit neovascularization and EC migration. However, it is unlikely that the mechanisms of action of these fragments are the same. The type I repeats of TSP1 are capable of inhibiting EC migration in a Boyden chamber assay after a 3-4 hour exposure, whereas a 36-48 hour exposure period is necessary for inhibition of EC migration with the procollagen domain.[7] Whereas the chorioallantroic membrane (CAM) assay shows the type I repeats of TSP1 to be antiangiogenic, it also shows that the procollagen sequence lacks anti-angiogenic activity. This may be in part because the animo-terminal end of TSP1 differs more than the carboxy-terminal end across species, but may also suggest different mechanisms of action.[8]

TSP1 contains three type I repeats, only the second two of which have been found to inhibit angiogenesis. The type I repeat motif is more effective than the entire protein at inhibiting angiogenesis and contains not one but two regions of activity. The amino-terminal end contains a tryptophan-rich motif that blocks fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2 or bFGF) driven angiogenesis. This region has also been found to prevent FGF-2 binding ECs, suggesting that its mechanism of action may be to sequester FGF-2. The second region of activity, the CD36 binding region of TSP1, can be found on the carboxy-terminal half of the type I repeats.[8] It has been suggested that activating the CD36 receptor causes an increase in ECs sensitivity to apoptotic signals.[9][10] Type I repeats have also been shown to bind to heparin, fibronectin, TGF-β, and others, potentially antagonizing the effects of these molecules on ECs.[11] However, CD36 is generally considered to be the dominant inhibitory signaling receptor for TSP1, and EC expression of CD36 is restricted to microvascular ECs.[4]

Soluble type I repeats have been shown to decrease EC numbers by inhibiting proliferation and promoting apoptosis. Interestingly, attachment of endothelial cells to fibronectin partially reverses this phenomenon. However this domain is not without a two-faced nature of its own. Bound protein fragments of the type I repeats have been shown to serve as attachment factors for both ECs and melanoma cells.[12]

C-terminus

The carboxy-terminal domain of TSP1 is believed to mediate cellular attachment and has been found to bind to another important receptor for TSP1, IAP (or CD47).[13] This receptor is considered necessary for nitric oxide-stimulated TSP1-mediated vascular cell responses and cGMP signaling.[14] Various domains of and receptors for TSP1 have been shown to have pro-adhesive and chemotactic activities for cancer cells, suggesting that this molecule may have a direct effect on cancer cell biology independent of its anti-angiogenic properties.[15][16]

Cancer treatment

By blocking TSP1 from binding to its cell surface receptor (CD47) normal tissue becomes nearly immune to cancer radiation therapy and assists in tumor death.[17]

Interactions

Thrombospondin 1 has been shown to interact with LRP1,[18][19][20] Plasmin[21][22] and MMP2.[23]

References

  1. ↑ Wolf FW, Eddy RL, Shows TB, Dixit VM (April 1990). "Structure and chromosomal localization of the human thrombospondin gene". Genomics 6 (4): 685–91. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(90)90505-O. PMID 2341158. 
  2. ↑ Jaffe E, Bornstein P, Disteche CM (May 1990). "Mapping of the thrombospondin gene to human chromosome 15 and mouse chromosome 2 by in situ hybridization". Genomics 7 (1): 123–6. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(90)90528-3. PMID 2335352. 
  3. ↑ "Entrez Gene: THBS1 thrombospondin 1". 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Simantov R, Silverstein RL (September 2003). "CD36: a critical anti-angiogenic receptor". Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library 8 (1-3): s874–82. doi:10.2741/1168. PMID 12957861. 
  5. ↑ Blake SM, Strasser V, Andrade N, et al. (October 2008). "Thrombospondin-1 binds to ApoER2 and VLDL receptor and functions in postnatal neuronal migration". The EMBO Journal 27 (22): 3069–80. doi:10.1038/emboj.2008.223. PMC 2585172. PMID 18946489. 
  6. ↑ Forslöw A, Liu Z, Sundqvist KG (January 2007). "Receptor communication within the lymphocyte plasma membrane: a role for the thrombospondin family of matricellular proteins". Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 64 (1): 66–76. doi:10.1007/s00018-006-6255-8. PMID 17160353. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Tolsma SS, Volpert OV, Good DJ, Frazier WA, Polverini PJ, Bouck N (July 1993). "Peptides derived from two separate domains of the matrix protein thrombospondin-1 have anti-angiogenic activity". The Journal of Cell Biology 122 (2): 497–511. doi:10.1083/jcb.122.2.497. PMC 2119646. PMID 7686555. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Iruela-Arispe ML, Lombardo M, Krutzsch HC, Lawler J, Roberts DD (September 1999). "Inhibition of angiogenesis by thrombospondin-1 is mediated by 2 independent regions within the type 1 repeats". Circulation 100 (13): 1423–31. PMID 10500044. 
  9. ↑ Guo N, Krutzsch HC, Inman JK, Roberts DD (May 1997). "Thrombospondin 1 and type I repeat peptides of thrombospondin 1 specifically induce apoptosis of endothelial cells". Cancer Research 57 (9): 1735–42. PMID 9135017. 
  10. ↑ Sid B, Sartelet H, Bellon G, El Btaouri H, Rath G, Delorme N, Haye B, Martiny L (March 2004). "Thrombospondin 1: a multifunctional protein implicated in the regulation of tumor growth". Critical reviews in oncology/hematology 49 (3): 245–58. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2003.09.009. PMID 15036264. 
  11. ↑ Guo N, Zabrenetzky VS, Chandrasekaran L, Sipes JM, Lawler J, Krutzsch HC, Roberts DD (July 1998). "Differential roles of protein kinase C and pertussis toxin-sensitive G-binding proteins in modulation of melanoma cell proliferation and motility by thrombospondin 1". Cancer Research 58 (14): 3154–62. PMID 9679984. 
  12. ↑ Prater CA, Plotkin J, Jaye D, Frazier WA (March 1991). "The properdin-like type I repeats of human thrombospondin contain a cell attachment site". The Journal of Cell Biology 112 (5): 1031–40. doi:10.1083/jcb.112.5.1031. PMC 2288870. PMID 1999454. 
  13. ↑ Kosfeld MD, Frazier WA (August 1992). "Identification of active peptide sequences in the carboxyl-terminal cell binding domain of human thrombospondin-1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 267 (23): 16230–6. PMID 1644809. 
  14. ↑ Isenberg JS, Ridnour LA, Dimitry J, Frazier WA, Wink DA, Roberts DD (September 2006). "CD47 is necessary for inhibition of nitric oxide-stimulated vascular cell responses by thrombospondin-1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 281 (36): 26069–80. doi:10.1074/jbc.M605040200. PMID 16835222. 
  15. ↑ Chandrasekaran S, Guo NH, Rodrigues RG, Kaiser J, Roberts DD (April 1999). "Pro-adhesive and chemotactic activities of thrombospondin-1 for breast carcinoma cells are mediated by alpha3beta1 integrin and regulated by insulin-like growth factor-1 and CD98". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 274 (16): 11408–16. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.16.11408. PMID 10196234. 
  16. ↑ Taraboletti G, Roberts DD, Liotta LA (November 1987). "Thrombospondin-induced tumor cell migration: haptotaxis and chemotaxis are mediated by different molecular domains". The Journal of Cell Biology 105 (5): 2409–15. doi:10.1083/jcb.105.5.2409. PMC 2114831. PMID 3680388. 
  17. ↑ Maxhimer JB, Soto-Pantoja DR, Ridnour LA, Shih HB, DeGraff WG, Tsokos M, Wink DA, Isenberg JS, Roberts DD (October 2009). "Radioprotection in Normal Tissue and Delayed Tumor Growth by Blockade of CD47 Signaling". Sci Transl Med 1 (3): 3ra7. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3000139. PMC 2811586. PMID 20161613. Lay summary – sciencedaily.com. 
  18. ↑ Wang, Shuxia; Herndon Mary E, Ranganathan Sripriya, Godyna Svetlana, Lawler Jack, Argraves W Scott, Liau Gene (March 2004). "Internalization but not binding of thrombospondin-1 to low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 requires heparan sulfate proteoglycans". J. Cell. Biochem. (United States) 91 (4): 766–76. doi:10.1002/jcb.10781. ISSN 0730-2312. PMID 14991768. 
  19. ↑ Mikhailenko, I; Krylov D, Argraves K M, Roberts D D, Liau G, Strickland D K (March 1997). "Cellular internalization and degradation of thrombospondin-1 is mediated by the amino-terminal heparin binding domain (HBD). High affinity interaction of dimeric HBD with the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 272 (10): 6784–91. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.10.6784. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 9045712. 
  20. ↑ Godyna, S; Liau G, Popa I, Stefansson S, Argraves W S (June 1995). "Identification of the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) as an endocytic receptor for thrombospondin-1". J. Cell Biol. (UNITED STATES) 129 (5): 1403–10. doi:10.1083/jcb.129.5.1403. ISSN 0021-9525. PMC 2120467. PMID 7775583. 
  21. ↑ Silverstein, R L; Leung L L, Harpel P C, Nachman R L (November 1984). "Complex formation of platelet thrombospondin with plasminogen. Modulation of activation by tissue activator". J. Clin. Invest. (UNITED STATES) 74 (5): 1625–33. doi:10.1172/JCI111578. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 425339. PMID 6438154. 
  22. ↑ DePoli, P; Bacon-Baguley T, Kendra-Franczak S, Cederholm M T, Walz D A (March 1989). "Thrombospondin interaction with plasminogen. Evidence for binding to a specific region of the kringle structure of plasminogen". Blood (UNITED STATES) 73 (4): 976–82. ISSN 0006-4971. PMID 2522013. 
  23. ↑ Bein, K; Simons M (October 2000). "Thrombospondin type 1 repeats interact with matrix metalloproteinase 2. Regulation of metalloproteinase activity". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 275 (41): 32167–73. doi:10.1074/jbc.M003834200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10900205. 

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike; additional terms may apply for the media files.