Thomas Sutton

Thomas Sutton, ca. 1590

Tomb of Thomas Sutton in the chapel of the London Charterhouse.

Thomas Sutton (1532–1611) was an English civil servant and businessman, born in Knaith. He is known for being the founder of Charterhouse School. He was the son of an official of the city of Lincoln, and was educated at Eton College and at St John's College, Cambridge.^[1] For much of his life he held the prestigious role of Master of the Ordnance in the North, which meant that he was responsible for military supplies and fortification in the north of England. He also obtained the lease of the manors of Whickham and Gateshead, close to Newcastle, in 1578, and so gained much of his early wealth from the coal mines in the area and from the sale of this lease five years later.^[2]

In 1582, Sutton married Elizabeth Dudley, the widow of John Dudley, who was a distant cousin of the earls of Warwick and Leicester, and this marriage more than doubled Sutton's annual rent income.^[2]

Sutton's connections to the Dudley family were strong throughout his life. Early in his career, Sutton had held a post under the Earl of Warwick, who then helped him to the post of Master of Ordnance in the North in 1569, and the Earl of Leicester, a favorite of Elizabeth, was instrumental in gaining Sutton the lease of Whickham and Gateshead.^[2]

Sutton bought Howard House from the Earl of Suffolk, which occupied the site of a former Carthusian Monastery on the outskirts of the City of London. Although dissolved by Henry VIII, parts of the monastery still survived. Sutton also purchased the manor of Castle Campes in Cambridgeshire,^[3] which had been in possession of the de Vere family^[4] for over five hundred years, and, among other landholdings, he also owned the manors of Haddock, Littlebury, and Balsham, all near Saffron Walden in Essex.^[2]

Later in his career, Sutton became one of the chief moneylenders in England, securing loans worth as little as a few shillings and as much as thousands of pounds to everyone from farmers to some of the most prominent courtiers, businesspeople, and politicians of his era, including Lord Burghley, Sir Edward Coke, Sir Percival Willoughby, Lord Compton, and the Earl of Sussex, among others, generally at the standard rate of ten percent per annum.^[2]

Charterhouse Hospital in around 1770.

Tudor buildings of Charterhouse.

When Sutton died on 12 December 1611^[5] at his house in Homerton,^[6] he was considered one of the richest individuals in England with an estate worth approximately ₤4,836 per annum, and Sutton's accounts showed that he was personally worth over ₤50,000, mostly in the form of outstanding obligations and recognizances from the many people in debt to him. This immense wealth earned Sutton the nicknames among his contemporaries of "Croesus" and "Riche Sutton".^[2] John Aubrey is responsible for the almost certainly spurious legend that Sutton was the original of Volpone the fox in Ben Jonson's Volpone.

Sutton left part of his fortune to be invested in establishing a hospital on the site of his house off Charterhouse Square, near the City of London, for 80 impoverished gentlemen and a school for 40 boys. This was to be known as the Hospital of King James in Charterhouse, although it later became called 'Sutton's Hospital in Charterhouse' (see London Charterhouse). This was the origin of Charterhouse School, which relocated to Godalming, Surrey, in 1872. The London buildings were badly damaged by bombs during the Second World War, but were restored during the 1950s. Sutton's personal arms, blazoned Or, on a chevron between three annulets gules three crescents of the field, are still used by the school.

See also

• Case of Sutton's Hospital

Notes