Thomas Jolley

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Not to be confused with 17th-century English Dissenter Thomas Jollie.

Thomas Glenn Jolley (born January 26, 1944) was an anti-Vietnam War protester who renounced his U.S. citizenship in Canada. His move made him one of a small number of former Americans who voluntarily made themselves stateless as a form of political protest.[1][2]

Early life and renunciation

Jolley was born in Greensboro, North Carolina.[2] He registered for the Selective Service System and was given a II-S student deferment.[3] He married Margaret Elizabeth Thompson of Atlanta on November 6, 1966.[4] In January or February 1967, he withdrew from university. He attempted to obtain I-O conscientious objector status, but was denied, and was instead classified I-A (available for induction).[3] After twice being ordered to report for induction, he was arrested by the Federal Bureau of Investigation February 1967 and charged with violating the Selective Service Act.[5] He then crossed the border into Canada with his American wife, obtained landed immigrant status there (though not Canadian citizenship), and in May went to the United States Consulate in Toronto and renounced his citizenship.[3][6] His oath of renunciation was signed before U.S. Consul Richard J. Dols.[5]

Deportation case

Jolley later returned to the United States, apparently via Detroit.[4] He then went south and began working as a news reporter for the Tallahassee Democrat in Tallahassee, Florida; after the news of his situation went public, Democrat managing editor William Phillips, who made the decision to hire Jolley, commented that the paper had received equal amounts of letters of support and hate mail for its decision not to fire Jolley.[1][7] The U.S. government ordered Jolley deported, but he did not depart the country voluntarily, and so on February 22, 1968, he was again arrested by FBI agents. He was released on a $3,000 bond pending formal deportation proceedings against him.[4][8] U.S. media described him as a "draft evader".[9][10] Others called him a "modern-day Philip Nolan", a reference to the main character of the American Civil War short story A Man Without a Country.[11]

Represented by attorney Peter Rindskopf, Jolley appealed his case to the Board of Immigration Appeals in April 1969, but the Board ruled against him in March 1970.[2][5] He appealed again to the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, which in April 1971 also ruled against him.[3][12] The court struck down his argument that his renunciation was involuntary because he was being forced into military service, instead ruling that it indeed constituted voluntary relinquishment within the meaning of Afroyim v. Rusk.[13] However, Richard Rives wrote a dissenting opinion arguing that the U.S. government should allow Jolley's appeal and prosecute him for draft evasion instead.[14] Jolley attempted to appeal the Fifth Circuit's ruling to the Supreme Court, but not a single justice recommended granting certiorari, meaning the Court would not hear his case.[6] After this news came out, Jolley stated that he would not pursue further any further legal actions.[15][16]

Aftermath

Jolley was thus declared deportable, but before he could be deported, another country would have to be found to accept him.[17] A spokesman for the Department of Citizenship and Immigration Canada stated that Jolley may have lost his landed immigrant status due to his long absence from Canada, but he could apply for immigration permission again at a Canadian port of entry.[6] In January 1973, Representative Ron Dellums (D-CA) sponsored a private bill for the relief of Jolley, which was referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary. However, no further action was taken on it.[18] By January 1974, Jolley still had not been deported and was living in Morgantown, West Virginia. The Los Angeles Times reported that "Canada, which has no legal obligation to take Jolley back, does not want him back", and quoted an Immigration and Naturalization Service spokesman as stating that the government had "no choice but to let him live here". Without any country to which he could be deported, it was expected that Jolley might spend the rest of his life living in the United States as a deportable alien.[11]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "He's Being Deported, But Where?". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 1971-11-10. Retrieved 2012-05-12. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Matter of Jolley In Deportation Proceedings A-18168808". United States Department of Justice. 1970-03-19. Retrieved 2012-05-12. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Lorenz, Milton C. (June 1972). "Aliens: Renunciation of Nationality Leaves Individual Stateless and Excludable as Any Alien". Tulane Law Review 46 (984). Retrieved 2012-05-12. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Draft Dodger Seeks Hearing To Appeal U.S. Deportation Order". Lodi News-Sentinel. 1969-04-14. Retrieved 2012-05-14. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Deportation order considered". Rome News Tribune. 1969-04-23. Retrieved 2012-05-14. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Move to escape draft may cost him a home". Ottawa Citizen. 1971-11-09. Retrieved 2012-05-14. 
  7. ↑ "Man Without A Country — Canada Next?". The Dispatch. 1971-11-10. Retrieved 2013-08-12. 
  8. ↑ "Faces Deportation: War Protester Claims Stand Cost Him 2 Jobs". The Daily Review. 1968-11-29. Retrieved 2012-05-12. 
  9. ↑ Reasoner, Harry; Snell, David (1971-04-15). "Draft Evader Case". ABC Evening News. Retrieved 2012-05-12. 
  10. ↑ Tully, Andrew (1970-04-14). "Draft Evader Insults Memory of U.S. Hero". Reading Eagle. Retrieved 2012-05-12. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Zyda, Joan (1974-02-10). "More Americans Shed Citizenship". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Retrieved 2013-08-13. 
  12. ↑ "441 F.2d 1245: Thomas Glenn Jolley, Petitioner, v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Respondent". Justia.com. 1971-04-12. Retrieved 2012-05-14. 
  13. ↑ "Formal Renunciation of United States Citizenship to Avoid Criminal Liability Under Selective Service Law Constitutions a Voluntary Relinquishment of Nationality Within the Meaning of Afroyim v. Rusk". Columbia Law Review 71 (8): 1532–1541. December 1971. JSTOR 1121514?. 
  14. ↑ "Draft dodger loses U.S. citizenship". Windsor Star. 1971-11-10. Retrieved 2012-05-12. 
  15. ↑ "Draft Evader Ends Deportation Fight". The New York Times. 1971-11-21. Retrieved 2012-05-12. 
  16. ↑ Nordheimers, Jon (1971-11-15). "A Draft Foe Becomes Man Without Country; U.S. in Quandary". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-05-12. 
  17. ↑ "High Court Backs Ouster of Native Who Quit U.S.". Toledo Blade. 1971-11-09. Retrieved 2012-05-14. 
  18. ↑ [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d093:H.R.3188: "Bill Summary & Status: 93rd Congress (1973–1974), H.R. 3188"]. thomas.loc.gov. 1973-01-29. Retrieved 2012-05-14. 
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