Thiamine mononitrate

Thiamine mononitrate
	Identifiers
CAS number	532-43-4 Y
	Properties
Molecular formula	C12H17ClNO3S
Molar mass	290.79 g mol−1
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Thiamine mononitrate is a stable nitrate salt form of thiamine (vitamin B1). It occurs as a white crystalline powder and is prepared from thiamine hydrochloride. It is used as a food or nutritional supplement.Thiamin mononitrate is used in the pharmaceutical industry to treat beriberi and general malnutrition or malabsorption. ^[1] Thiamine can be found naturally in foods like grains, yeast, molasses, pork and animal organ meats. Diary, eggs and legumes have smaller amounts. Though thiamine is found naturally in foods, thiamine mononitrate is not. Thiamine mononitrate is synthesized by removing a chloride ion from thiamin hydrochloride and mixing the final product with nitric acid. ^[1]

Thiamine mononitrate is also known as Aneurine Hydrochloride, Antiberiberi Factor, Antiberiberi Vitamin, Antineuritic Factor, Antineuritic Vitamin, B Complex Vitamin, Chlorhydrate de Thiamine, Chlorure de Thiamine, Complexe de Vitamine B, Facteur Anti-béribéri, Facteur Antineuritique, Hydrochlorure de Thiamine, Mononitrate de Thiamine, Nitrate de Thiamine, Thiamine Chloride, Thiamine HCl, Thiamine Hydrochloride, Thiamine Nitrate, Thiaminium Chloride Hydrochloride, Tiamina, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B-1, Vitamina B1, Vitamine Anti-béribéri, Vitamine Antineuritique, Vitamine B1. ^[2]

Interaction with other Food

Areca

Areca (betel) nuts change thiamine chemically so it doesn't work as well. Regular, long-term chewing of betel nuts may contribute to thiamine deficiency.^{[citation needed]}

Horsetail

Horsetail (Equisetum) contains a chemical that can destroy thiamine in the stomach, possibly leading to thiamine deficiency. The Canadian government requires that equisetum-containing products be certified free of this chemical. Stay on the safe side, and don't use horsetail if you are at risk for thiamine deficiency.^{[citation needed]}

Coffee and tea

Chemicals in coffee and tea called tannins can react with thiamine, converting it to a form that is difficult for the body to take in. This could lead to thiamine deficiency.^{[citation needed]} Interestingly, thiamine deficiency has been found in a group of people in rural Thailand who drink large amounts of tea (>1 liter per day) or chew fermented tea leaves long-term.^{[citation needed]} However, this effect hasn't been found in Western populations, despite regular tea use. Researchers think the interaction between coffee and tea and thiamine may not be important unless the diet is low in thiamine or vitamin C; vitamin C seems to prevent the interaction between thiamine and the tannins in coffee and tea.^{[citation needed]}

Seafood

Raw freshwater fish and shellfish contain chemicals that destroy thiamine. Eating a lot of raw fish or shellfish can contribute to thiamine deficiency. But cooked fish and seafood are OK. They don't have any affect on thiamine, because cooking destroys the chemicals that harm thiamine. ^[2]

Dosage

By Mouth

For adults with somewhat low levels of thiamine in their body (mild thiamine deficiency): the usual dose of thiamine is 5-30 mg daily in either a single dose or divided doses for one month. The typical dose for severe deficiency can be up to 300 mg per day.^{[citation needed]} For reducing the risk of getting cataracts: a daily dietary intake of approximately 10 mg of thiamine.^{[citation needed]} As a dietary supplement in adults, 1-2 mg of thiamine per day is commonly used. The daily recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) of thiamine are: Infants 0-6 months, 0.2 mg; infants 7-12 months, 0.3 mg; children 1-3 years, 0.5 mg; children 4-8 years, 0.6 mg; boys 9-13 years, 0.9 mg; men 14 years and older, 1.2 mg; girls 9-13 years, 0.9 mg; women 14-18 years, 1 mg; women over 18 years, 1.1 mg; pregnant women, 1.4 mg; and breast-feeding women, 1.5 mg.^{[citation needed]}

Injection

Healthcare providers give thiamine shots for treating and preventing symptoms of alcohol withdrawal (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome). ^[2]

Health Concerns

Thiamine mononitrate is considered Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) per the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). An April 1, 2013 version of 21CFR 184.1878 in the Code of Federal Regulations states that The ingredient is used in food at levels not to exceed current good manufacturing practice. Thiamine mononitrate may be used in infant formula in accordance with section 412(g) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act) or with regulations promulgated under section 412(a)(2) of the Act.^{[citation needed]} Thiamine is Likely Safe when taken by mouth in appropriate amounts, although rare allergic reactions and skin irritation have occurred. It is also Likely Safe when given appropriately intravenously (by IV) by a healthcare provider. Thiamine shots are an FDA-approved prescription product.^{[citation needed]}

Thiamine might not properly enter the body in some people who have liver problems, drink a lot of alcohol, or have other conditions. Special precautions & warnings: Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Thiamine is LIKELY SAFE for pregnant or breast-feeding women when taken in the recommended amount of 1.4 mg daily. Not enough is known about the safety of using larger amounts during pregnancy or breast-feeding. ^[2]

Liver Disease

Although excess vitamin B1 is excreted from the body efficiently, the fat-soluble synthetic version may accumulate in the liver and other fatty tissues. Accumulation of any vitamin, including thiamine mononitrate, will eventually cause cellular toxicity and can lead to severe liver damage. Since thiamine mononitrate is stored in fat cells, simply stopping ingestion will not reverse the effects of chronic exposure to this synthetic vitamin. If there is any history of liver disease, one should be cautious in taking any supplements that contain thiamine mononitrate. Buying vitamin B1 supplements from a reputable supplier may help avoid the more dangerous form of vitamin B1, thiamine mononitrate.^{[citation needed]}

Kidney Disease

Low levels of thiamine mononitrate are unlikely to cause any severe kidney problems. However, if you have a history of reduced kidney function or kidney disease, you may have an increased chance of kidney failure. The nitrates present in thiamine mononitrate may accumulate in the kidneys and induce kidney stones or cellular death. MedlinePlus indicates that anyone with impaired kidney function may have difficulty filtering nitrates out of their system and should avoid taking thiamine mononitrate. You should talk to your doctor about alternate methods to ensure that you have the proper amount of vitamin B1 in your system. ^[3]

References

• University of Maryland Medical Center: Vitamin B1
• Journal of Nutrition; Bioavailability for Rats of Thiamin in Whole Wheat and Thiamin-Restored White Bread; G. Ranhotra et al.; May 1985
• Sec. 184.1878 Thiamine mononitrate Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Volume 3 Revised as of April 1, 2013

External links

• Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Opinion: Thiamine mononitrate, US FDA