Theaflavin

Theaflavin
IUPAC name 3,4,5-Trihydroxy-1,8-bis[(2R,3R)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-chromanyl]-6-benzo[7]annulenone
Identifiers
CAS number	4670-05-7 N
PubChem	114777
ChemSpider	102754 Y
UNII	1IA46M0D13 Y
ChEMBL	CHEMBL346119 Y
Jmol-3D images	{{#if:c1c(cc(=O)c(c2c1c(cc(c2O)O)[C@@H]3[C@@H](Cc4c(cc(cc4O3)O)O)O)O)[C@@H]5[C@@H](Cc6c(cc(cc6O5)O)O)O|Image 1
SMILES c1c(cc(=O)c(c2c1c(cc(c2O)O)[C@@H]3[C@@H](Cc4c(cc(cc4O3)O)O)O)O)[C@@H]5[C@@H](Cc6c(cc(cc6O5)O)O)O
InChI InChI=1S/C29H24O12/c30-11-3-17(32)15-8-21(36)28(40-23(15)5-11)10-1-13-14(7-20(35)27(39)25(13)26(38)19(34)2-10)29-22(37)9-16-18(33)4-12(31)6-24(16)41-29/h1-7,21-22,28-33,35-37,39H,8-9H2,(H,34,38)/t21-,22-,28-,29-/m1/s1 Y Key: IPMYMEWFZKHGAX-ZKSIBHASSA-N Y InChI=1/C29H24O12/c30-11-3-17(32)15-8-21(36)28(40-23(15)5-11)10-1-13-14(7-20(35)27(39)25(13)26(38)19(34)2-10)29-22(37)9-16-18(33)4-12(31)6-24(16)41-29/h1-7,21-22,28-33,35-37,39H,8-9H2,(H,34,38)/t21-,22-,28-,29-/m1/s1 Key: IPMYMEWFZKHGAX-ZKSIBHASBU
Properties
Molecular formula	C29H24O12
Molar mass	564.49 g mol−1
N (verify) (what is: Y/N?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Theaflavin (TF) and its derivatives, known collectively as theaflavins, are antioxidant polyphenols that are formed from the condensation of flavan-3-ols in tea leaves during the enzymatic oxidation (fermentation) of black tea. Theaflavin-3-gallate, theaflavin-3'-gallate, theaflavin-3-3'-digallate are the principle of theaflavins.^[1] Theaflavins are types of thearubigins, and are therefore reddish in color. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) will metabolize into some theaflavins in the liver.^{[citation needed]}

Research into health effects

HIV

In in vitro laboratory investigations, several tea polyphenols, especially those with galloyl moiety, can inhibit HIV-1 replication with multiple mechanisms of action. Theaflavin derivatives have been found to have more potent anti-HIV-1 activity than catechin derivatives.^[2]

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a catechin in green tea, binds to gp120, which works in conjunction with gp41, itself blocked by TF-3 (a theaflavin), both receptors of which HIV hijacks to enter into healthy human immune cells.^{[citation needed]}

Cholesterol

In a human clinical trial published in 2003, theaflavins were found to reduce blood cholesterol levels, both total and LDL.^[3]

Cancer

In in vitro laboratory investigations, theaflavins have been found to act on numerous points regulating cancer cell growth, survival, and metastasis.^[4] For example, TF-3 is a potent scavenger of superoxide.^[5]

See also

• List of phytochemicals and foods in which they are prominent

References

1. ↑ http://www.rxlist.com/theaflavin/supplements.htm
2. ↑ Liu S, Lu H, Zhao Q, et al. (2005). "Theaflavin derivatives in black tea and catechin derivatives in green tea inhibit HIV-1 entry by targeting gp41". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1723 (1–3): 270–81. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.02.012. PMID 15823507. 
3. ↑ Maron DJ, Lu GP, Cai NS, et al. (2003). "Cholesterol-lowering effect of a theaflavin-enriched green tea extract: a randomized controlled trial". Arch. Intern. Med. 163 (12): 1448–53. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.12.1448. PMID 12824094. 
4. ↑ Bode AM and Dong Z. (2006) Molecular and Cellular Targets Mol Carcinog 45(6): 422–430.
5. ↑ Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry:Inhibition of Xanthine Oxidase and Suppression of Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species in HL-60 Cells by Theaflavin-3,3‘-digallate, (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and Propyl Gallate