The Oregonian

The Oregonian

Type	Daily newspaper
Format	Broadsheet
Owner(s)	Advance Publications, a media company owned by the descendants of S.I. Newhouse
Publisher	N. Christian Anderson III[1]
Editor	Peter Bhatia[2]
Staff writers	288/75 (full-time/part-time)[3]
Founded	1850
Headquarters	1320 SW Broadway Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
Circulation	319,625 Daily 375,913 Sunday[4]
ISSN	8750-1317
Official website	OregonLive.com

The Oregonian is the major daily newspaper in Portland, Oregon, owned by Advance Publications. It is the oldest continuously published newspaper on the U.S. west coast,^[5] founded as a weekly by Thomas J. Dryer on December 4, 1850. It is the largest newspaper in Oregon and the Pacific Northwest by circulation and the 19th largest daily newspaper in the country.^[6] The Sunday edition is published under the title, The Sunday Oregonian.

The Oregonian received the 2001 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service, the only gold medal annually awarded by the organization. Writers for the paper have received four other Pulitzer Prizes, most recently the Breaking News Reporting in 2007.

The Oregonian is home delivered throughout Multnomah, Washington, Clackamas, and Yamhill counties in Oregon and Clark County, Washington four days a week (Wednesday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday); it is also home delivered in parts of Marion and Columbia counties.^[7] Some independent dealers deliver the newspaper outside of that area, though in 2006 it became no longer available in far eastern Oregon and the southern Oregon Coast, and starting in December 2008 "increasing newsprint and distribution costs" caused the paper to stop deliveries to all areas south of Albany.^[8]

In October 2013, the paper restructured to focus on delivering online news, cutting home delivery to four days a week.^[9]

History

Establishment

One year prior to the incorporation of the tiny town of Portland, Oregon in 1851, prospective leaders of the new community determined to establish a local newspaper — an institution which was seen as a prerequisite to urban growth.^[10] Chief among these pioneer community organizers seeking establishment of a Portland press were Col. W.W. Chapman and prominent local businessman Henry W. Corbett.^[10] In the fall of 1850 Chapman and Corbett traveled to San Francisco, at the time far and away the largest city on the West Coast of the United States, in search of an editor interested in and capable of producing a weekly newspaper in Portland.^[10] There the pair met Thomas J. Dryer, a transplanted New Yorker who was an energetic writer with both printing equipment and previous experience in the production of a small circulation community newspaper in his native Ulster County, New York.^[10]

First weekly issues

Dryer's press was transported to Portland and it was there on December 4, 1850 that the first issue of The Weekly Oregonian found its readers.^[11] Each weekly issue consisted of four pages, printed six columns wide.^[11] Little attention was paid to current news events, with the bulk of the paper's content devoted to political themes and biographical commentary.^[11] The paper took a staunch political line supportive of the Whig Party — an orientation which soon brought it into conflict with The Statesman, a Democratic paper launched at Oregon City not long after The Weekly Oregonian's debut.^[11] A loud and bitter rivalry between the competing news organs ensued.^[11]

1860's-1870's

Pittock era

Henry Pittock became the owner in 1861 as compensation for unpaid wages, and he began publishing the paper daily, except Sundays.^[12] Pittock's goal was to focus more on news than the bully pulpit established by Dryer.^[13] He ordered a new press in December 1860 and also arranged for the news to be sent by telegraph to Redding, California, then by stagecoach to Jacksonville, Oregon, and then by pony express to Portland.^[13]

Scott era

From 1866 to 1872 Harvey W. Scott was the editor.^[14] Henry W. Corbett bought the paper from a cash-poor Pittock in October 1872 and placed William Lair Hill as editor.^[13] Scott, fired by Corbett for supporting Ben Holladay's candidates, became editor of Holladay's rival Bulletin newspaper.^[13] The paper went bankrupt around 1874, Holladay having lost $200,000 in the process.^[13] Corbett sold The Oregonian back to Pittock in 1877.^[13]

1880's-1890's

One of the journalists who began his career on the Oregonian during this time period was James J. Montague who took over and wrote the column "Slings & Arrows" until he was hired away by William Randolph Hearst in 1902.^[15]

Sunday Oregonian

In 1881, the first Sunday Oregonian was published.^[16] The paper became known as the voice of business-oriented Republicans, as evidenced by consistent endorsement of Republican candidates for president in every federal election before 1992.

New location

The paper's offices and presses were originally housed in a two-story building at the intersection of First Street (now First Avenue) and Morrison Street, but in 1892 the paper moved into a new nine-story building at 6th and Alder streets,^[16] not moving again until 1948.

KGW

The Morning Oregonian and KGW

In 1922, The Morning Oregonian launched KGW, Oregon's first commercial radio station. Five years later, KGW affiliated with NBC (1927). The Morning Oregonian purchased a second station, KEX, in 1933, from NBC subsidiary Northwest Broadcasting Co. In 1944, KEX was sold to Westinghouse Radio Stations, Inc. The Oregonian launched KGW-FM, the Northwest's first FM station,^[17] in 1946 (acclaimed by "The Oregonian" May 8, 1946), known today as KKRZ. KGW and KGW-FM were sold to King Broadcasting Co in 1953.

In 1937, The Morning Oregonian shortened its name to The Oregonian. Two years later, associate editor Ronald G. Callvert received a Pulitzer Prize for editorial reporting for "distinguished editorial writing...as exemplified by the editorial entitled "My Country 'Tis of Thee.".^[18]

The Oregonian Building

In 1948, the paper moved to its present location, the Oregonian Building, designed by Pietro Belluschi, located at SW Broadway between Jefferson Street and Madison Street.^[16] The block was previously home to the William S. Ladd mansion, which had been demolished around 1925.^[13] Circa 1946, The Oregonian purchased the block for $100,000, which led to complaints from paper editor Leslie M. Scott because of the outrageous price.^[13] Three years later, Scott purchased a nearby block for the state at $300,000 while holding the office of Oregon State Treasurer.^[13]

The new Oregonian building was to contain the KGW radio station and a television studio, as well as a large and opulent dining room.^[13] The contractor was L. H. Hoffman, who was under a very profitable cost-plus contract.^[13] Aside from the "extravagance of design", construction materials in short supply, the nation was under heavy inflation, and Belluschi's plans were never ready, leading to massive costs.^[13] The Oregonian had to borrow from banks, the first time in over 50 years.^[13] New company president E. B. MacNaughton was forced to exhaust the company's loan limits at First National Bank, then turn to the Bank of America.^[13] MacNaughton then eliminated an extra elevator, the dining room, and KGW's radio and television studios.^[13] The building still cost $4 million, twice the original estimate.^[13]

The building opened in 1948, but The Oregonian had to sell it to Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Company for $3.6 million in a leaseback arrangement.^[13] Further financial issues led to the 1950 sale to Samuel Newhouse.^[13]

1950's-1960's

In 1950, Advance Publications founder S. I. "Si" Newhouse purchased the paper. At that time, the sale price of $5.6 million was the largest for a single newspaper.^[19] The sale was announced on December 11, 1950.^[13] In 1954, Newhouse bought 50% of Mount Hood Radio & Television Broadcasting Corp, which broadcasts KOIN-TV, Portland's first VHF television station, KOIN AM (now KUFO), and KOIN-FM (now KXL-FM). The Oregonian's circulation in 1950 was 214,916; that of the rival Oregon Journal was 190,844.^[20]

In 1957, staff writers William Lambert and Wallace Turner were awarded the that year's Pulitzer Prize for Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting, No Edition Time.^[21] Their prize cited "their expose of vice and corruption in Portland involving some municipal officials and officers of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of America, Western Conference" and noted that "they fulfilled their assignments despite great handicaps and the risk of reprisal from lawless elements."^[21]

The Oregon Journal

What was to become a long and heated strike began against both The Oregonian and The Oregon Journal began in November 1959.^[22] The strike was called by Stereotypers Local 49 over various contract issues, particularly the introduction of more automated plate-casting machinery;^[23] the new-to-American-publishing German-made equipment required one operator instead of the four that operated the existing equipment.^[22] Wallace Turner and many other writers and photographers refused to cross the picket lines and never returned.^[24] The two newspapers published a "joint, typo-marred paper" for six months until they had hired enough nonunion help to resume separate operations.^[23] Starting in February 1960, striking union workers published a daily newspaper, The (Portland) Reporter;^[5] its circulation peaked at 78,000, but was shut down in October 1964.

In 1961, Newhouse bought The Oregon Journal, Portland's afternoon daily newspaper. Production and business operations of the two newspapers were consolidated in The Oregonian's building, while their editorial staffs remained separate.^[25] The National Labor Relations Board ruled the strike illegal in November 1963.^[5] Strikers continued to picket until April 4, 1965,^[24] at which point the two newspapers became open shops.

Late 1960's-Early 1980's

In 1967, Fred Stickel came to The Oregonian from New Jersey to become general manager of the paper; he became president in 1972 and publisher in 1975.^[26]

As part of a larger corporate plan to exit broadcasting, The Oregonian sold KOIN-TV to newspaper owner Lee Enterprises in 1977. At the same time, KOIN-AM and -FM were sold to Gaylord Broadcasting Co. Since S. I. Newhouse died in 1979, S.I. Jr. has managed the magazines, and Donald oversees the newspapers.

The Oregonian lost its prime 'competitor' and Portland became a one-daily-newspaper city in 1982, when Advance/Newhouse shut down the Journal, citing declining advertising revenues.^{[citation needed]}

Late 1980's

Hilliard era

William A. Hilliard was named editor in 1987, and was the paper's first African-American editor.^[27] A resident of Oregon since the age of 8, Hilliard had already worked at The Oregonian for 35 years, and had been city editor starting in 1971 and executive editor since 1982.^[28]

1989

The Oregonian established an Asia bureau in Tokyo, Japan in 1989, becoming the first Pacific Northwest newspaper with a foreign correspondent.^{[citation needed]}

Also in 1989, The Oregonian recalled an edition featuring an article that criticized a prominent local business and advertising customer; in 1992, the Wall Street Journal cited The Oregonian as an example of a newspaper muffling its criticism of business to appeal to commercial advertisers.^{[citation needed]} The Oregonian endorsed a Democratic candidate for president for the first time in its history when it supported Bill Clinton in 1992.^[29]

1990's

The year 1993 was an eventful year for The Oregonian. Robert M. Landauer, then editorial page editor, was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in Editorial Writing for "a bold campaign to defuse myths and prejudice promoted by an anti-homosexual constitutional amendment, which was subsequently defeated", according to the Pulitzer judges. The integrity of The Oregonian became the subject of national coverage when The Washington Post broke the story of inappropriate sexual advances which led to the resignation of Oregon senator Bob Packwood four years later. This prompted some to joke, "If it matters to Oregonians, it's in the Washington Post" (a twist on the Oregonian's slogan "If it matters to Oregonians, it's in The Oregonian).^[30] Finally, Newhouse appointed a new editor for the paper, Sandra Rowe, who relocated from The Virginian-Pilot.

“	Business has everything—power, influence, sex, drama—and our job is to pull back the curtain: That bank merger last week? Who got screwed? Who came out on top? This is what really happened. Business news should be handled as finely crafted drama; it's got substance and great meaning. Business should be the backbone of the newspaper.	”
—Sandy Rowe, from AJR in 1999[31]

Rowe era

Sandra Rowe joined the paper as executive editor in June 1993.^[32] She formally became editor in 1994 with the retirement of William Hilliard, but Hilliard had effectively already given her control of the editor's reins in 1993 as he focused his attention on his duties as the newly elected president of the American Society of Newspaper Editors for 1993–94, in his final year before retirement.^[28]

According to Editor & Publisher, soon after Rowe's arrival, she introduced organizational changes to the newsroom. Instead of having a large number of general assignment reporters, she organized them around teams, many of which often develop "subject expertise" that "reflect[s] the interests of readers, not traditional newsroom boundaries."^[3] Examples (over the years) include "Northwest Issues and Environment", "Living In the '90s"/"How We Live", "Politics and Accountability", "Health, Science, and Medicine", "Sustainability and Growth", and "Higher Education".^[3][33] Accompanying the reorganization was a more bottom-up approach to identifying stories: "instead of having an assignment-driven newspaper, you have the beat reporters coming to editors with what is going on", with the team editors responsible for deciding what stories were covered by their teams.^[3]

The position of public editor was established at The Oregonian in 1993, and Robert Caldwell was appointed.^[34] Michele McLellan assumed the role three years later, and was delegated the authority to decide whether or not a newspaper error should result in the publication of a correction.^[35]

The paper and several reporters were recognized for excellence in 1999. Staff writer Richard Read won the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting, for a series, The French Fry Connection, that illustrated the impact of the Asian economic crisis, by reducing local french fries exports. Co-worker Tom Hallman Jr., was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in Feature Writing, for his "unique profile of a man struggling to recover from a brain injury". The paper won Overseas Press Club awards for business reporting, and for human rights reporting. The editors of Columbia Journalism Review recognized The Oregonian as number twelve on its list of "America's Best Newspapers", and the best newspaper owned by the Newhouse family.

2000's

In 2000, The Oregonian was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in Breaking News Reporting for its coverage of an environmental disaster created when the New Carissa, a freighter that carried nearly 400,000 gallons of heavy fuel, ran aground February 4, 1999, north of Coos Bay, Oregon. The articles detailed "how fumbling efforts of official agencies failed to contain the far-reaching damage", according to the Pulitzer jury. That same year reporters Brent Walth and Alex Pulaski were finalists for the Pulitzer Prize in Explanatory Writing for their series on political influences in pesticide regulation.

Pulitzer Prizes

The Oregonian and news staff were acknowledged with two Pulitzer Prizes in 2001. The paper was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service, for its "detailed and unflinching examination of systematic problems within the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, including harsh treatment of foreign nationals and other widespread abuses, which prompted various reforms." Staff writer Tom Hallman Jr. received a Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing for his series, The Boy Behind the Mask, on a teen with a facial deformity.

In 2003, music critic David Stabler was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in Feature Writing for "his sensitive, sometimes surprising chronicle of a teenage prodigy's struggle with a musical talent that proved to be both a gift and a problem". Michael Arrieta-Walden became public editor in 2003; when he ended his three-year term in the position, no successor was named.^[36]

2004 criticism

In 2004 the paper faced criticism after a headline characterized a 1970s sexual relationship between then-mayor Neil Goldschmidt and a 14-year-old girl as an "affair", rather than statutory rape.^[37][38][39]

The paper endorsed a Democrat for president for the second time in its 150-year history when it backed John Kerry for president in 2004.^[29]

2005-2006

In 2005, staff reporters Steve Suo and Erin Hoover Barnett were finalists for the Pulitzer Prize in National Reporting for "their groundbreaking reports on the failure to curtail the growing illicit use of methamphetamines". That same year, Americans United for Palestinian Human Rights published two reports on The Oregonian, claiming the paper under-reported Palestinian deaths in its news stories of the Israeli/Palestinian conflict and excluded the Palestinian narrative in its Opinion Pages.^[40][41]

Editorial writers Doug Bates and Rick Attig were awarded the 2006 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing for their editorials on the conditions at the Oregon State Hospital.^[42]

2007

In 2007, The Oregonian and its journalists were recognized with several awards. Sports columnist John Canzano was selected as the nation's No. 2 sports columnist in the annual Associated Press Sports Editors Awards. Three Oregonian reporters—Jeff Kosseff, Bryan Denson, and Les Zaitz— were awarded the George Polk Award for national reporting, for their series about the failure of a decades-old, multi-billion dollar, federal program established by the Javits-Wagner-O'Day Act intended to help people with severe disabilities find employment. Instead it "awarded executives handsomely but left disabled workers in segregated jobs often paying less than minimum wage."^[43][44]

On April 16, 2007, it was announced that the staff of The Oregonian was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Reporting for their "skillful and tenacious coverage of a family missing in the Oregon mountains, telling the tragic story both in print and online."^[45] In addition, the paper's reporters were finalists in two other categories. Les Zaitz, Jeff Kosseff and Bryan Denson were finalists for the Pulitzer for National Reporting for the same series that also won the George Polk Award noted above. Inara Verzemnieks was nominated for the Pulitzer for Feature Writing for "her witty and perceptive portfolio of features on an array of everyday topics", according to the Pulitzer judges.

2008

In February 2008, Editor & Publisher named editor Sandra Mims Rowe and executive editor Peter Bhatia as "Editors of the Year". The trade journal noted that since Rowe and Bhatia arrived in 1993, the paper and its journalists have won five Pulitzer Prizes and been finalists another nine times.^[3] E&P also cited "an increased focus on specialized reporting; a reorganized newsroom that promotes "team reporting" concepts over traditional beats; and regular training sessions and seminars that most staffers credit for encouraging fresh ideas and competitive approaches."^[3] Pulitzer Board member Richard A. Oppel, the editor of the Austin American-Statesman called the paper "one of the finest newspapers in the country, easily in the top 10."^[3]

On September 28, 2008, the paper distributed a DVD of Obsession: Radical Islam's War Against the West as an advertising supplement for that day's edition,^[46] two weeks after The New York Times, The Charlotte Observer and The Miami Herald had done the same thing.^[47] The Oregonian did so despite Portland mayor Tom Potter's personal request that publisher Fred Stickel not distribute it because the "tenor of the video contributes towards a climate of distrust towards Muslims", and because the paper's willingness to distribute the DVD bestows upon it "an impression of objectivity and legitimacy it does not deserve."^[46] Stickel cited "freedom of speech", and an "obligation to keep our advertising columns as open as possible" as reasons for not rejecting the DVD.^[46]

Newsroom staff in 2008 was about the same size as it was in 1993, though there were fifty fewer full-time staff members than there were in 2002; about half of those positions were eliminated after a buyout in late 2007.^[3] The paper's outside news bureaus grew from four to six during her tenure.^[3]

2009

In 2009, The Oregonian was scooped for a third time on a story of an Oregon politician's sex scandal, this time involving Mayor Sam Adams about what Newsweek called his "public deception and private bad judgment" about his past relationship with a teenage legislative intern.^[48] Nigel Jaquiss of Willamette Week broke the story after 18 months of investigations; Jaquiss's reporting on another sex scandal involving Neil Goldschmidt earned Jaquiss a 2005 Pulitzer Prize. Jaquiss thinks The Oregonian's failure to follow up on leads that both he and Oregonian reporters had received was a case of "one-newspaper towns being a little too cozy with local power brokers."^[48] A media ethics teacher and consultant for The Poynter Institute for Media Studies suggests that the pattern of failure to cover such stories "may have more to do with the culture at The Oregonian, which has recently "built its reputation on thoughtful, narrative coverage ...[that] doesn't lend itself well to digging up sex scandals."^[48]

In August 2009, the paper's owners announced the end of a policy that protected full-time employees from layoffs for economic or technological reasons;^[26] the change took effect the following February.^[49] In September 2009, publisher Fred Stickel announced his retirement, effective September 18, ending 34 years in the position; his son Patrick, president of the paper, was appointed interim publisher but was not a candidate to succeed his father,^[26] and Patrick Stickel retired on December 30, 2009.^[50] N. Christian Anderson III was named as the new publisher in October,^[1] and began work in the position at the beginning of November 2009.^[51] After more than 16 years as editor, Sandra Rowe retired at the end of 2009.^[2][52] Peter Bhatia, then executive editor, succeeded her as editor.^[2]

2010's

Layoffs of 37 in February 2010 left the paper with a total of about 750 employees, including more than 200 in the news department.^[49] In September, the newspaper announced its "TV Click" was to be replaced by TV Weekly, a publication from the Troy, Michigan-based NTVB Media.^[53] Unlike "TV Click", TV Weekly requires a separate subscription fee; The Oregonian is following the example of the Houston Chronicle^[54] and other major newspapers and switching to "some form of 'opt in and pay' TV sections (rather than dropping the sections) and have found only about 10 percent to 20 percent of subscribers use the sections."^[53]

2013

In 2013, publisher N. Christian Anderson announced the paper was restructuring and that beginning October 1, the Oregonian Publishing Company would be dissolved.^[55] Two new companies would be formed: the Oregonian Media Group, which will focus on providing content on its online news site, OregonLive.com though it would continue to publish a daily print edition of the paper; and Advance Central Services Oregon, which would provide production, packaging, and distribution support for the new company. Though the paper will be printed seven days a week, home delivery would be cut to four days a week: Wednesday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday.^[55] These changes were put into effect as scheduled, on October 1.^[9] The paper also announced that "significant" layoffs were expected.^[55] In addition, Anderson announced that the new company would likely move from its downtown Portland building.^[56]

Targeted publications

The staff of The Oregonian also produces three "targeted publications"—glossy magazines distributed free to 40–45,000 wealthy residents of the Portland metropolitan area, and sold on newsstands to 5,000 others. A fourth glossy magazine, Explore the Pearl, is produced in conjunction with the Pearl District Business Association, and mailed to "high-income Portland Metro households" within Lake Oswego, West Linn, Mountain Park, Lakeridge, Forest Heights, Raleigh Hills, Oak Hills, West Hills, Dunthorpe, and Clark County.^[57]

Magazine	Description	Copies delivered	Target household income	Website
Explore the Pearl	A look at "all of the hot spots – retailers, restaurants and galleries – the Pearl has to offer."[57]	61,000[57]		http://www.explorethepearl.com/
Homes+Gardens Northwest	"Take[s] you inside real Northwest homes and gardens, where residents and professionals have created spaces perfect for the finest Northwest living"[58]	40,000[58]	$120,000 (median)[58]	http://hgnorthwest.com/
Mix	"Celebrates our fascination with fine food and the casual entertaining that marks the Northwest lifestyle"[59]	40,000[59]	$95,000 (median)[59]	http://mixpdx.com/
Ultimate Northwest	Captures the "experience of living the good life here in Oregon and the Northwest"[60]	45,000[60]	$164,000 (average)[60]

Footnotes

Further reading

• "Oregon Biographies: Thomas Jefferson Dryer," Oregon History Project, Oregon Historical Society, 2002.

External links

• Media related to The Oregonian at Wikimedia Commons
• The Oregonian
• The Oregonian mobile version
• Photographs from The Oregonian on Flickr (last updated October 2009)

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