The Clansman

First edition cover.

The Clansman: An Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan is a novel published in 1905. It was the second work in the Ku Klux Klan trilogy by Thomas F. Dixon, Jr. that included The Leopard's Spots and The Traitor. It was influential in providing the ideology that helped support the revival of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). The novel was immediately adapted by its author as a play entitled The Clansman (1905) and by D. W. Griffith as the groundbreaking 1915 silent movie The Birth of a Nation.

The play particularly inspired the second half of The Birth of a Nation, as it was concerned with the KKK and Reconstruction rather than the American Civil War. According to Professor Russell Merritt, key differences between the play and film are said to include that Dixon was more sympathetic to Southerners' pursuing education and modern professions, whereas Griffith stressed ownership of plantations; moreover, Dixon envisioned the KKK as more organized and structured than it was.^[1]

Dixon wrote The Clansman as a message to Northerners to maintain racial segregation, as the work claimed that blacks when free would turn savage and violent, committing crimes such as murder, rape and robbery far out of proportion to their percentage of the population. He claimed to write for 18,000,000 southerners who supported his beliefs, though that many never joined the Klan.^[2] The enemy in The Clansman is not the freed slaves, in fact most characters in the novel are relieved that slavery has ended. It is the Republican led Reconstruction movement which the Ku Klux Klan is founded against. Dixon portrays the speaker of the house, Austin Stoneman, as a negro-loving legislator mad with power and eaten up with hate. His goal is to punish the Southern whites for their revolution against an oppressive government by turning the former slaves against the White Southerners and use the iron fist of the Union occupation troops to make them the new masters. The Klan's job is to protect the White Southerners from the carpetbaggers and their allies, Black and White.

In addition to criticism that The Clansman would stir up sentiment in the South, Dixon's argument, that the Klan had saved the South from negro rule was ridiculed by some as absurd.^[3]

Characters

• Austin Stoneman – Northern political leader who advocates and implements Reconstruction in the conquered Southern States. Introduces bill to impeach President Andrew Johnson.
• Elsie Stoneman – daughter of the above. Defies father's wishes by falling in love with young Southern patriot Ben Cameron.
• Phil Stoneman – son and brother of the above. Falls in love with Southerner Margaret Cameron.
• Lydia Brown – Austin Stoneman's mulatto housekeeper
• Silas Lynch – mulatto assistant to Austin Stoneman. Aids him in forcing Reconstruction on the defiant Southerners.
• Marion Lenoir – Fifteen-year-old white girl who was Ben Cameron's childhood sweetheart. After being brutally raped by Gus, she commits suicide by jumping off a cliff.
• Jeannie Lenoir – mother of the above. Joins her daughter in fatal cliff leap.
• Gus – a former slave of the Camerons. Rapes Marion and is then captured and executed by the Ku Klux Klan, under the supervision of the "Grand Dragon" Ben Cameron.
• Dr Richard Cameron – a Southern doctor, falsely charged with complicity in the execution of Abraham Lincoln.
• Mrs Cameron – wife of Dr Richard Cameron.
• Ben Cameron – son of the above and the hero of the novel. Falls in love with Northerner Elsie Stoneman. Fought for the South in the Civil War and later joins the Ku Klux Klan in order to resist Northern occupation forces.
• Margaret Cameron – sister of the above.
• Mammy
• Jake
• President Abraham Lincoln- Lincoln is portrayed as a sympathetic character, one who sought to restore normalcy by shipping former slaves back to Africa.
• President Andrew Johnson – Lincoln's successor. Impeached in Congress for opposing Reconstruction.

Historical plot

In The Clansman, Reconstruction was an attempt by Augustus Stoneman, a thinly veiled reference to Thaddeus Stevens, to ensure that the Republican Party would stay in power by securing the southern black vote. His hatred for President Johnson stems from Johnson's refusal to disenfranchise whites. Stoneman's anger towards former slave holders is intensified after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, where he vows revenge on the South. His programs strip away the property owned by whites, in turn giving them to former slaves. Men claiming to represent the government confiscate the material wealth of the South, destroying plantation owning families. Finally, the former slaves are taught that they are superior to their former owners and should rise up against them. These injustices are the impetuses for the creation of the Klan.

Reception

The publication of The Clansman caused significant uproar not only in the North, but throughout the South. In Montgomery, Alabama and Macon, Georgia the play was banned from being performed.^[4] Thomas Dixon was denounced for renewing old conflicts and glorifying what many thought was an unfortunate part of American history. In an effort to prevent a showing in Washington, D.C a group of pastors appealed to President Roosevelt to intercede on their behalf.^[5] These protesters certainly were correct in thinking that the book, play, and subsequent movie would stir up old sentiments. In fact, the Klan reached its greatest heights in the 1920s reaching six million members nationwide.

The play, despite these protests, was extremely popular in the South. It drew record breaking audiences in Columbia, South Carolina and opened with a huge premier when performed in Norfolk, Virginia.^[6][7] In fact, the vast majority of news stories about The Clansman have to do with the play, not the novel.

When offered membership in the KKK, Dixon reportedly turned it down because, he claimed, he did not agree with the Klan's methods.^[8] The Klokard of the Klan, Rev. Dr. Oscar Haywood, at one point challenged Dixon to a debate over the nature of the Ku Klux Klan.^[9]

Despite Dixon's reported claims that he rejected violence except in self-defense, in the book previous to The Clansman in the trilogy, The Leopard's Spots, Dixon's Klan dealt thusly with a black man who had asked a white woman to kiss him:^[10]

When the sun rose next morning the lifeless body of Tim Shelby was dangling from a rope tied to the iron rail of the balcony of the court house. His neck was broken and his body was hanging low--scarcely three feet from the ground. His thick lips had been split with a sharp knife and from his teeth hung this placard: "The answer of the Anglo-Saxon race to Negro lips that dare pollute with words the womanhood of the South. K. K. K."

—Thomas Dixon, The Leopard's Spots, Chapter XIX, "The Rally of the Clansmen", p. 150

Dixon's novel is often contraposed with Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin.^[11] The character of Gus in The Clansman, who is shown as the worst kind of former slave, going as far as to rape a white woman, is the opposite of the benevolent Uncle Tom, who is portrayed as angelic. The books are also similar for the reactions they stirred up among their readers. Uncle Tom's Cabin was detested and banned throughout the South, while The Clansman was ranted against in Northern papers. Also like Uncle Tom's Cabin, The Clansman reached its greatest audience not through its book form, but through the play and movie forms. The book previous to the The Clansman in Dixon's trilogy, The Leopard's Spots, actually featured Simon Legree, a character Dixon appropriated from Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Rebirth of the Klan

Thomas Dixon's novel did not have the immediate effect of causing the recreation of the Ku Klux Klan. Neither did the subsequent play. Rather, several white supremacist groups stood in place of the Klan between the 1870s and 1915. The release of the movie The Birth of a Nation finally let Dixon's work reach a large enough audience to start the refounding of the Klan. This second Klan quickly outgrew the first, drawing significant membership from Northern states in part because of the success of the novel, play, and movie. The social impact of the book was certainly enormous. Though Anglo-centric groups had existed previously, they were mostly limited to Southern states and had small membership. The book and subsequent play and movie glorified Anglo-Saxon dominance through the power held by the Klan. This appealed to Anglo-Saxons everywhere, not merely in the South. In the North the Klan not only advocated suppression of African Americans, but also Jews, Catholics, and other immigrants. Through this nativist sentiment the Klan had its greatest power in the state of Indiana. There membership reached 30% of the white adult male population.^[12] The total Klan membership is thought to have reached nearly six million in 1924, less than twenty years after the publication of The Clansman.^[13]

One of the images most commonly associated with the Klan, that of a burning Latin cross, was actually taken from The Clansman, but was not used by the original clan.

References

External links

• Full Text with Illustrations
• Full book at Google Book search