Temperance River

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Temperance River
Origin Brule Lake
Mouth Lake Superior
Basin countries United States
Length 39 miles (63 km)
Basin area 198 square miles (510 km2)

The Temperance River is a 39.2-mile-long (63.1 km)[1] river in northern Minnesota, the United States. It drains into Lake Superior along its north shore just south of Tofte. It flows out of Brule Lake in Cook County generally south towards its mouth within Temperance River State Park. Its name is supposedly a pun on its lack of a sand bar.

Name

The Temperance River was named Kawimbash by the Ojibwa, meaning "deep hollow river".[2] While it retained this name in the earliest geological surveys, in 1864 Thomas Clark reported its present name, which he alleged arose as a pun from the fact that the river has no sand bar near its mouth.[3] However, this is not the only river on Lake Superior to have this feature, which has cast some doubt on that story.[4]

Topography

The Temperance River flows 39 miles (63 km) between its source, Brule Lake, and its mouth.[1] Brule Lake is unusual in that it has two outlets. The Temperance flows from its western outlet, and carries approximately half of the flow leaving the lake, while the South Brule River carries the other half from its eastern outlet.[1][5] After leaving Brule Lake, the Temperance flows through a chain of smaller lakes for the upper half of its length.[6] It shares this feature with its neighbors, the Cross, Poplar, and Cascade rivers, which gives it a warmer water temperature and more steady flow than streams further to the south.[7] After this, it proceeds to flow directly over the bedrock[5] which is entirely igneous, formed during the formation of the Keweenawan Rift.[8] Near Lake Superior, the river has dug deep potholes into the bedrock, some of which connected to form a narrow gorge and a system of waterfalls.[8] The depth of the water where the river enters the lake prevents the river from developing a sand bar at its mouth.[6] The Temperance has a drainage basin of 198 square miles (510 km2), which is the fourth largest catchment for a Minnesota river entering into Superior, after the Saint Louis River, Pigeon River, and Brule River.[9]

History of development

See also: Temperance River State Park

The Temperance River is located within the Superior National Forest, and its upper portions are within the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, thus it remains largely undeveloped. The only two major developments in the immediate vicinity of the river are Minnesota State Highway 61 and Temperance River State Park. Highway 61 was built by Minnesota's state highway department[4] beginning in 1926, and was completely paved by 1940.[10] During this time the highway department acquired 200 acres (0.81 km2) of land at the mouth of the river where Highway 61 crosses it, which in 1957 were organized into the present state park.[4] The Superior Hiking Trail, which crosses the Temperance River, does so in this park.[11] There are three public campgrounds near the course of the river, two located near the mouth in Temperance River State Park and another in the Superior National Forest on the Sawbill Trail, roughly 12 miles (19 km) upstream from Temperance River State Park.[12]

The flow of the Temperance is not currently regulated, but during the early 20th century, dams on Brule Lake, used in conjunction with some limited logging in the region of the Brule River, have modified how much water escapes into either river.[13] In 1925, a 112-foot-long (34 m) canal was blasted between Brule Lake and the South Brule River, while a dam was built to close off its outlet into the Temperance, all without the permission of Minnesota's Game and Fish Department.[14] These were later repaired, using nearby boulders, brush, and two bags of cement.[15][16] During the 1920s, Edward Wellington Backus was attempting to build hydroelectric dams on northern Minnesotan rivers,[17] and the blasting was likely connected to this development. It has been variously blamed on land speculators trying to convince buyers that the Brule had enough flow to be a viable source of hydroelectric power,[16] or upon employees of a local development company working towards the same purpose.[14]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed May 7, 2012
  2. ↑ Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Temperance River State Park Map, 2009. Retrieved July 20, 2010
  3. ↑ Upham, Warren. Minnesota Geographic Names, Their Origin and Significance. p. 143. Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Volume 17. 1920.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Meyer, Roy W. Everyone's Country Estate: A History of Minnesota's State Parks, p. 140. Minnesota Historical Society Press, St. Paul, 1991.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Grant, U.S., "Lakes With Two Outlets in Northern Minnesota", p. 408. The American Geologist, Volume 19, 1897.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Eberhart, Adolph Olson; Ralph, Georg A.; Follansbee, Robert. Report of the Water Resources Investigation of Minnesota, 1911-1912. p. 522.
  7. ↑ Waters, Thomas F. The Streams and Rivers of Minnesota. p. 57. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1977.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 MN Department of Natural Resources, Temperance River Park Info, , retrieved July 20, 2010
  9. ↑ Eberhart, Adolph Olson; Ralph, Georg A.; Follansbee, Robert. Report of the Water Resources Investigation of Minnesota, 1911-1912. p. 521.
  10. ↑ Froehlig, Adam. "MN Highway Endings". Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  11. ↑ Superior Hiking Trail Association Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  12. ↑ Temperance River Campground Retrieved September 26, 2012.
  13. ↑ Eberhart, Adolph Olson; Ralph, Georg A.; Follansbee, Robert. Report of the Water Resources Investigation of Minnesota, 1911-1912. p. 525.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Northern Lakes Present Varied Problems". p. 43. Fins, Feathers, and Fur, Official Bulletin of the Minnesota Game and Fish Department. No 43, September 1925.
  15. ↑ Brule Lake Trek Appeals to Many. p. 67. Fins, Feathers, and Fur, Official Bulletin of the Minnesota Game and Fish Department. No 44, March 1926.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Brickner, Joe. Completing the Game and Fish House. Cook County New Herald, December 22, 1960.
  17. ↑ Chronology of the BWCA, Minnesota Humanities, , Retrieved July 20, 2010.

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